Pratique du Shadowing: The Confirmation Bias - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

Création de la leçon...
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Two guys are sitting together in a bar in the remote Alaskan wilderness arguing about the existence of God. While they're old friends they have very different ideas on God: one is a priest and the other is an atheist. The atheist says "Look it's not like I haven't given God a chance, I've even tried the prayer thing.
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It didn't work!" The priest asks with some incredulity: "Did you really pray? When did this happen?" "Just last month" replies the atheist "I got caught away from the camp and a terrible blizzard I was totally lost and I couldn't see a thing it was 20 degrees below zero and so I prayed I fell to my knees in the snow and cried out: Oh God if there is a god I'm lost in this blizzard and I'm going to die if you don't help me!" the priest looks at the atheist puzzled and says: "Well, then you must believe in God now, after all here you are, alive!" The atheist rolls his eyes and replies: "No, no that's not how it happened! A couple of Eskimos came wandering by and showed me the way back to the camp". So, where do such different perspectives come from? Confirmation bias is a tendency to look for, interpret and recall information in ways that affirm our preconception. Whenever we encounter objective facts on an issue we look at them through the lens of our own beliefs. As a result we see and overrate where the to intercept. The bias is strongest for emotionally charged issues or when we search for desired outcomes.
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Wrapped inside popular narratives, cultural beliefs and family values a confirmation bias often gets passed on for generations. The priest learned from his ancestors that God is behind everything. The atheist was raised within a family that believed only in scientific knowledge. When we are confronted with unfamiliar or new situations a bias helps us to draw fast conclusions. If every encounter with a stranger would require us to think of all sorts of possible outcomes, we would not come to any conclusions. Economically speaking it would be too costly. To survive in a dangerous world we learn to operate like storytelling, pattern-seeking animals, each one of us thinking that our story and our head is the right one. Today we can afford to slow down and think more deeply about certain issues. When we do this we can become aware of our own biases. We begin to realize that things are often more complicated than we thought.
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Psychologist Peter Cathcart Wason who coined the term confirmation bias left us with this fun little hypothesis rule discovery task, let's see if you can do it? What's the rule behind the sequence of numbers: 2 4 6 ? And what comes next?
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Write the correct number and the rule we are looking for in the comments below!
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Now, fast! Psychologists and nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman said: "A reliable way to make people believe in falsehoods is frequent repetition. Because familiarity is not easily distinguished from truth.". Which means if there is time to reflect slowing down is likely to be a good idea!
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon

Cette vidéo contient 7 phrases et 591 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:51. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 122 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. Seuls 79 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.

Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo

15 mots moins courants de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :

  • bias /ˈbaɪ.əs/ (nom) — préjugé, parti-pris. Inclination towards something.
  • atheist /ˈeɪ.θi.ɪst/ (nom) — athée. A person who does not believe in deities or gods.
  • priest /ˈpɹiːst/ (nom) — prêtre, prêtresse. A religious clergyman (clergywoman, clergyperson) who is trained to perform services or sacrifices at a church or temple.
  • confirmation /ˌkɑn.fəɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/ (nom) — confirmation. An official indicator that things will happen as planned.
  • belief /bɪˈliːf/ (nom) — croyance. Mental acceptance of a claim as true.
  • conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/ (nom) — conclusion, fin. The end, finish, close or last part of something.
  • pray /pɹeɪ/ (verbe) — prier. To direct words, thoughts, or one's attention to a deity or any higher being, for the sake of adoration, thanks, petition for help, etc.
  • encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntɚ/ (verbe) — rencontrer. To meet (someone) or find (something), especially unexpectedly.
  • blizzard /ˈblɪz.ɚd/ (nom) — blizzard. A large snowstorm accompanied by strong winds and greatly reduced visibility caused by blowing snow.
  • complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ (adjectif) — compliqué, alambiqué. Difficult or convoluted.
  • argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ (verbe) — affirmer, débattre. To show grounds for concluding (that); to indicate, imply.
  • discovery /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/ (nom) — découverte. Something discovered.
  • deeply /ˈdi(ː)pli/ (adverbe) — profondément. To a deep extent or degree; very greatly.
  • prayer /pɹɛɚ/ (nom) — prière. A practice of communicating with one's God, or with some spiritual entity.
  • remote /ɹəˈməʊt̞/ (adjectif) — distant, loin. At a distance; disconnected.

Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez

  • look at (verbe) — regarder. To observe or watch.
  • look for (verbe) — chercher, rechercher. To seek.
  • slow down (verbe) — ralentir, décélérer. To decelerate.

Prononciation à surveiller

Le locuteur utilise 8 contractions et formes réduites, comme I'm, couldn't, didn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.

  • Les sons « th »: atheist /ˈeɪ.θi.ɪst/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
  • Les sons « sh » et « zh »: confirmation /ˌkɑn.fəɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/, preconception /ˌpɹiːkənˈsɛpʃən/
  • Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: confirmation /ˌkɑn.fəɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/

Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo

  1. Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
  2. Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
  3. Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme bias, atheist, priest.

La grammaire de cette vidéo

Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :

StructureDans la vidéo
Phrases conditionnelles if + proposition, will/would + verbe — une condition et son résultatIf every encounter with a stranger would require
Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le faitwas raised · is not easily distinguished
Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenanthaven't given
Comparatifs -er than / more … than — comparer deux élémentsmore complicated than

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

Technique du shadowing : lire le guide complet étape par étape →