Shadowing Practice: Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Explained - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Ericsson's theory of psychosocial development identifies eight stages which a healthy individual should pass through from birth to death.
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At each stage we encounter different needs, ask new questions and meet people who influence our behaviour and learning.
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Stage 1.
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Basic trust versus mistrust.
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As infants we ask ourselves if we can trust the world and we wonder if it's safe.
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We learn that if we can trust someone now, we can also trust others in the future.
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If we experience fear, we develop doubt and mistrust.
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The key to our development is our mother.
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Stage 2.
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt In our early childhood, we experience ourselves and discover our body.
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We ask, is it okay to be me?
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If we are allowed to discover ourselves, then we develop self-confidence.
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If we are not, we can develop shame and self-doubt.
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Both parents now play a major role.
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Stage 3.
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Initiative versus guilt.
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In preschool, we take initiative, try out new things, and learn basic principles like how round things roll.
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We ask, is it okay for me to do what I do?
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If we are encouraged, we can follow our interests.
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If we are held back or told that what we do is silly, we can develop guilt.
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We are now learning from the entire family.
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Stage 4.
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Industry vs. Inferiority Now we discover our own interests and realize that we are different from others.
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We want to show that we can do things right.
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We ask if we can make it in this world.
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If we receive recognition from our teachers or peers, we become industrious, which is another word for hard working.
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If we get too much negative feedback, we start to feel inferior and lose motivation.
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Our neighbors and schools now influence us the most.
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Stage 5.
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Identity vs Role Confusion During adolescence we learn that we have different social roles.
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We are friends, students, children and citizens.
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Many experience an identity crisis.
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If our parents now allow us to go out and explore, we can find identity.
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If they push us to conform to their views, we can face role confusion and feel lost.
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Key to our learning are our peers and role models.
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Stage 6.
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Intimacy vs. Isolation.
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As young adults we slowly understand who we are
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and we start to let go of the relationships we had built earlier in order to fit in.
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We ask ourselves if we can love.
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If we can make a long term commitment, we are confident and happy.
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If we cannot form intimate relationships, we might end up feeling isolated and lonely.
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Our friends and partners are now central to our development.
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Stage 7.
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Generativity vs. Stagnation.
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When we reach our 40s, we become comfortable, use our leisure time creatively, and maybe begin contributing to society.
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Our concern is generativity.
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If we think that we are able to lead the next generation into this world, we are happy.
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If we did not resolve some conflicts earlier, we can become pessimistic and experience stagnation.
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People at home and at work are now who influences the most.
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Stage 8.
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Ego Integrity vs. Despair As we grow older, we tend to slow down and begin to look back over our lives.
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We ask, how have I done?
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If we think we did well, we develop feelings of contentment and integrity.
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If not, we can experience despair and become grumpy and bitter.
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Time to compare us with mankind.
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Eric Erickson was a German-American psychologist who, together with his wife Joan, became known for his work on psychosocial development.
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He was influenced by Sigmund and Anna Freud and became famous for coining the phrase identity crisis.
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Although Ericsson lacked even a bachelor's degree, he served as a professor at Harvard and Yale.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları

Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Explained” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: stage, develop, role, experience, ourselves. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 64 cümle ve 674 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 5:11 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 130 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin %86’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.

Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler

Videodaki en ileri düzey 14 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:

KelimeTelaffuzAnlam
mistrust isim/mɪsˈtɹʌst/şüphe
stagnation isim/stæɡˈneɪʃn̩/kış uykusu
despair isim/dɪˈspɛə(ɹ)/umutsuzluk
adolescence isim/ˌædəˈlɛsəns/ergenlik, ilk gençlik
grumpy sıfat/ˈɡɹʌmpi/huysuz, ters
industrious sıfat/ɪnˈdʌstɹi.əs/gayretli
pessimistic sıfat/ˌpɛ.səˈmɪs.tɪk/pesimist, karamsar
preschool sıfat/ˈpɹiːskuːl/okul öncesi
conform fiil/kənˈfɔɹm/uymak
intimacy isim/ˈɪn.tɪ.mə.si/yakınlık
psychologist isim/ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/psikolog
inferior sıfat/ɪnˈfɪɹ.i.ɚ/aşağı derecede olan, uyuz
autonomy isim/ɔˈtɑ.nə.mi/özerklik, otonomi
mankind isim/mænˈkaɪnd/insanoğlu, âdemoğlu

Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller

KelimeAnlam
go out fiilçıkmak
slow down fiilyavaşlamak

Tekrar etmeye değer cümleler

Videodan, günlük konuşmada yeniden kullanabileceğiniz kısa ve tam cümleler:

  • We ask, is it okay to be me?
  • We ask, is it okay for me to do what I do?
  • We ask, how have I done?

Bu videodaki dil bilgisi

Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:

YapıVideoda
Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemliare allowed · are encouraged · are held
İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgipeople who influence · industrious, which is

Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar

  • “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: psychosocial /ˌsaɪ̯.kəʊ̯ˈsəʊ̯.ʃəl/, stagnation /stæɡˈneɪʃn̩/, leisure /ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/
  • Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: psychosocial /ˌsaɪ̯.kəʊ̯ˈsəʊ̯.ʃəl/, adolescence /ˌædəˈlɛsəns/, creatively /kɹiˈeɪtɪvli/, industrious /ɪnˈdʌstɹi.əs/, pessimistic /ˌpɛ.səˈmɪs.tɪk/

Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:

  • Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: stagnation /stæɡˈneɪʃn̩/, creatively /kɹiˈeɪtɪvli/, grumpy /ˈɡɹʌmpi/, preschool /ˈpɹiːskuːl/
  • /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: stagnation /stæɡˈneɪʃn̩/, adolescence /ˌædəˈlɛsəns/, mankind /mænˈkaɪnd/

Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır

  1. Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
  2. Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
  3. Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; mistrust, stagnation, despair gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.

Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?

Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.

Shadowing tekniği: adım adım eksiksiz rehberi okuyun →