Prática de Shadowing: Of romantic love - Alan Macfarlane - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

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Romantic love.

I've put in the word romantic because of course there are many kinds of love.

There's love between parents and children, between friends, all sorts of kinds of love.

But the kind I'm talking about is the kind of romance traditionally between a young man

and a young lady and now between almost anything or anybody which leads to a partnership.

It's called by some sociologists the romantic love complex

because it doesn't mean just a passionate attachment or desire between people

but something of that kind which then leads to marriage

or a permanent union

because all societies of course have had passionate attractions even very arranged marriage societies have had them

but the institutionalization the making of romantic love the basis for most people's marriages

and it's most people's because there are always exceptions sometimes they're very rich

or politically powerful have a much more arranged marriage system but the majority of the population that system is extraordinary

i'd always assumed because i was brought up within it that it was how you married how you found a partner.

It was only later as I studied anthropology

and went to societies with arranged marriage that I realized that it was actually quite culturally peculiar.

And so this is what I'm talking about.

Several things I've learned about this institution.

One is this peculiarity that it tends to be until recently geographically limited to western societies,

America to a considerable extent, Europe and certainly England and Scotland.

But secondly that it's old in one of these places.

There are many people who think

that romantic love is a recent thing perhaps created by the romantic poets or in the 18th century.

Some historians even have suggested this.

But I've written a book called Marriage and Love in England from 1300

and the moment you start from 1300 there it is in Chaucer of course

and elsewhere and then you can trace it back

and you can go right back into the Anglo -Saxon love poetry

and Anglo -Saxon institutions and find marriages are clearly based on mutual attraction and not organized by the family.

And so it is a very old institution,

well before the romance movement of the troubadours in southern France,

which some people think is its origin.

So it's old in Anglo -Saxon societies.

But until the 18th century it is true that even in France

and Italy and much of continental Europe it wasn't the main marriage system.

They were largely arranged and it's only in the 19th century in Europe

and in the later 20th century over much of the rest of the world that this romantic love complex has spread.

It has struck me as interesting that it seems to spread about the same time

and at the same speed as a much wider set of institutions which we roughly call culture of capitalism or

industrialization or modernity or something like that.

In other words the separating off of the economy, politics, religion and society

which is how I define modernity seems to be very much associated with romantic love

and you can see why this should be the case

because the essence of the romantic love complex is the fact

that the individual is free to choose who he or she wants to form a steady and long term partnership with.

And that freedom of choice is of course the essence of capitalism as well as Max Weber pointed out.

When people were able to go out onto the market, put their labour onto the market,

get the returns on that labour and keep them and give them or use them as they wished,

that freedom of economic activity is the essence of capitalism, free markets.

And in a way, romantic love is a free market in emotion and social bonding,

because you go out into the market and you do it roughly at the same sort of age in England.

Traditionally in England, most people left home early.

They went off as servants or apprentices or something else and they left their parental household.

So, as Peter Laslett and others have shown from the very earliest listings,

most households had just either parents living together or living together with children before their teens, basically.

Around teenage, the children left home and set up their own households, or at least they joined other households for a while,

and then, often at marriage, they would set up their own household, independent of their parents.

And the way they did this was that they would have been inculcated in an idea that some enchanted evening,

as South Pacific puts it, you will meet a stranger and suddenly you'll know that this is the person for you.

Many people, of course, it doesn't happen quite as quickly as that, though it did for me in my marriages.

I suddenly was attracted on first meeting both my wives.

And when you meet such a stranger you then spend a time in courtship.

This is rather like if you took it in an economic way you buy something

or at least you test something out you go to a shop

and you say could I try out your cars

and maybe I could have a test run in it

and I could have it on approval for a few weeks and if it suits me then I'll buy it.

Well courtship is like

that you basically start off maybe gingerly

it takes a little bit of time before you have any kind of physical intimacies

and you above all explore the other person's personality.

There of course much of English literature, I should think about 75 percent of English literature is about this.

Much of our poetry, obviously Shakespeare, John Donne, the Romantic Poets and many others,

almost all our novels are about love.

And if you look at the famous ones, Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte and so on, you see that this testing out the conversations,

the banter, the humour

and what is being done then is to find whether this person is the sort of person who you trust,

who you like, who you would like to spend time with, who would be a suitable parent for your children.

And if they are, then it gets closer and closer.

And then you tell people that you want to get married

and in the old days you announced it in church and

if there was any objection when you called the bans then it was prohibited.

But basically you announced it and you announced it to your parents.

They had some kind of say.

They could say well we like this person very much or they could say we don't like this person

and if they were wealthy I'm going to leave you some property.

They could say we don't like this person at all and

if you marry them then you'll be cut off

or we'll give you very little and so they could exercise some pressure on you but otherwise not.

Now what the other thing I discovered was through my autobiography looking at particularly my teenage years

and then above all my university when I had several love affairs.

an education in which my heart was being trained from very early on.

We were reading this kind of poetry, these kinds of novels, watching the television later on,

going to the films, above all listening to pop music which was nearly all about love,

love, love, all you need is love as the Beatles sang.

So we were being encouraged because of course love is also very important in capitalism

because it sells love and sex sell many products and

so romance was the driving force and what happened was

that you grew away from your family you realized your parents loved each other more than they loved you

100

and you weren't number one and so you were alone

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when you i mean you might stay at home

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but you were still on your own emotionally to a considerable extent

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and then you found the other one and if you were fortunate

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that would be a lasting relationship and once you set up

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that kind of intense partnership or comradeship

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or companionship through life based on love romantic love to begin with and then more friendship later are on,

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then it would last and it would become the relationship of your life.

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And so this strange system which now is spreading to most of the world,

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I've seen it spreading in China and Japan and Nepal and

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so on is one which fits as part of a jigsaw puzzle of modernity

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and it has its huge pleasures and wonderful art and

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so on but of course it has its pains

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which include loneliness particularly terrible loneliness when the other one the half of you that you've established goes

114

So love and loss and death are all one package.

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Thank you.

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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição

Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Of romantic love - Alan Macfarlane”. As palavras que mais se repetem: romantic, marriage, parent. Este vídeo tem 115 frases e 1496 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 12:07. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 123 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. 85% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.

Vocabulário principal deste vídeo

15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:

Palavra	Pronúncia	Significado
romantic adjetivo	/ɹoʊˈmæn(t)ɪk/	romântico
household adjetivo	/ˈhaʊshoʊld/	familiar
institution substantivo	/ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/	instituição
arrange verbo	/əˈɹeɪnd͡ʒ/	arranjar, organizar
capitalism substantivo	/ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/	capitalismo
partnership substantivo	/ˈpɑɹtnɚʃɪp/	parceria
poetry substantivo	/ˈpoʊ.ə.tɹi/	poesia
romance substantivo	/roʊˈmæn(t)s/	romance
announce verbo	/əˈnaʊn(t)s/	anunciar
essence substantivo	/ˈɛsəns/	essência
extent substantivo	/ɪkˈstɛnt/	extensão
roughly advérbio	/ˈɹʌf.li/	rudemente, precariamente
considerable adjetivo	/kənˈsɪdəɹəbl̩/	considerável
poet substantivo	/ˈpoʊ.ət/	poeta, poetisa
attraction substantivo	/əˈtɹækʃn̩/	atração

Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir

Palavra	Pronúncia	Significado
set up verbo	/ˌsɛt ˈʌp/	preparar
bring up verbo		criar
cut off verbo	/ˌkʌt ˈɔf/ [ˌkɐɾ ˈɔf]	recortar
go off verbo		explodir
point out verbo		apontar
try out verbo		provar, experimentar

Gramática neste vídeo

As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:

Estrutura	No vídeo
Frases condicionais if + oração, will/would + verbo — uma condição e seu resultado	if it suits me then I'll buy · if you marry them then you'll be
Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora	I've put · have had · I've learned
Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz	was brought · have been inculcated · was attracted
Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa	people who think · person who you · music which was

Pronúncia para ficar de olho

O falante usa 20 contrações e formas reduzidas, como I've, I'm, doesn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.

Os sons de “th”: wealthy /ˈwɛl.θi/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/
Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, partnership /ˈpɑɹtnɚʃɪp/, attraction /əˈtɹækʃn̩/, passionate /ˈpæʃənɪt/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/
Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, capitalism /ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/, considerable /kənˈsɪdəɹəbl̩/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/

Sons difíceis para falantes de português:

Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: romantic /ɹoʊˈmæn(t)ɪk/, household /ˈhaʊshoʊld/, partnership /ˈpɑɹtnɚʃɪp/, extent /ɪkˈstɛnt/, poet /ˈpoʊ.ət/
/l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: mutual /ˈmjuːt͡ʃuəl/, puzzle /ˈpʌzəl/, parental /pəˈɹɛn.təl/
/h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: household /ˈhaʊshoʊld/, historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, humour /ˈhjuːmɚ/, prohibit /pɹəˈhɪbɪt/

Como praticar com este vídeo

Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como romantic, household, institution.

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

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