Prática de Shadowing: The Last Human – A Glimpse Into The Far Future - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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The future of humanity seems insecure.
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Rapid climate change, political division, our greed and failings make it hard to look at our species with a lot of optimism
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and so many people think our end is in sight.
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But humans have always thought they lived in the end times.
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Every generation assumes they're important enough to witness the apocalypse and then life just goes on.
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This is a problem because it leads to short-term thinking
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and prevents us from creating the best world for ourselves and our descendants.
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What makes this worse is that we may actually be living at an extremely critical moment in human history.
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To understand why, let's look at the temporal window of humanity and ask,
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when will the last human be born and how many people will there ever be?
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These sorts of estimates come with a lot of uncertainties, so please take them with a gigantic grain of salt.
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To get a sense of how many people there will be, let's see how many people have already lived.
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Modern humans arose some 200,000 years ago.
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They were uniquely good at making tools, telling stories, thinking abstractly, planning and working together in large groups beyond their close family.
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Still, there were not that many of us.
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Supplices of food were scarce, survival was hard, life expectancy was low.
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It took us 150,000 years to grow to a population of 2 million.
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Improvements were gradual and eventually led to the agricultural revolution, arguably the biggest change in our history.
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This was when our numbers really started growing.
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It took 10,000 more years to get to 300 million.
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But that increase was dwarfed by the industrial revolution.
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1800 there were a billion of us.
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The human population doubled in just 120 years and then again in 50.
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Today we number around 8 billion.
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In total, over the last 200,000 years, about 117 billion humans were born and lived and 109 billion also died.
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Which means that about 7% of all humans that ever lived are alive right now.
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As many as were born in the first 150,000 years of human history.
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Every minute, 270 babies join the party.
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But there aren't just more people, never before have we been as healthy and well-off, or lived longer.
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With growing living standards, our birth rates collapsed.
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The UN estimates that around the year 2100, we will hit our population peak and there will be 125 million people born each year.
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It's pretty unlikely that birth rates will stay stable forever, but let's pretend to make our thought experiment simpler.
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How many people there will be in the future depends on when our species will die out.
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And here, we find a lot of uncertainties.
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We are able to destroy ourselves through our own inventions, but we are also able to find solutions to avert catastrophic risk.
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We can change the direction of planet killer asteroids, but we've also invented nuclear weapons.
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We discovered antibiotics, but also carry diseases across the globe in a matter of days.
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Our industrial system gives us an incredible standard of living, but also change the atmosphere in the process.
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It's very hard to say if human ingenuity will prolong or shorten our species lifespan.
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If things go badly, our end could come suddenly.
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But if we manage to avoid that, we could conceivably stick around for a long time.
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So every day we don't destroy ourselves may mean life for an unfathomable number of humans.
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How many people are we talking about?
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It depends on how far our species is going to expand.
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Scenario 1.
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Humans will never leave Earth.
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If we stay on our home planet, a good metric to look at is the extinction rate of animals that we get from the fossil record.
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The average lifespan of mammalian species is in the region of 1 million years, with some surviving up to 10 million years.
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Our close relative Homo erectus survived for about 1.9 million years.
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Let's be conservative and assume that humans will survive for a million years, which leaves us 800,000 more years to dawdle away.
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Assuming a stable birth rate of 125 million people each year, this means there are roughly 100 trillion humans waiting to be born.
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850 times greater than the number of people that have ever lived.
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This would make everybody alive today only 0.008% of all people that will ever live.
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Think about where this leaves you.
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Instead of putting you at the end of the chaotic mess that was our past, it would mean you live at the very beginning of something big.
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The start of the human story rather than the end.
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Doesn't this feel incredibly different?
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And now, consider that this may be an extremely pessimistic estimate.
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If we match the survival time of the most successful mammals, then our future numbers rise to 1.2 quadrillion people that have yet to be born.
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And even this seems far from our potential.
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As the Sun slowly gets hotter and brighter, Earth will remain habitable for about 500 million years,
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giving so many more potential people the chance to become actual people.
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And now, let's begin to think big.
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Scenario 2.
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Humans will leave Earth.
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We went from humans worshipping the Moon to humans walking on it, so who knows how much further we can go.
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If we don't die out within the next few hundred years, ideas that seem outlandish right now become serious considerations.
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If we believe that we have a chance of surviving for maybe millions of years, then we could expand onto the other planets or into our own artificial worlds.
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Life needs three things, a surface, resources and energy.
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Our Sun provides energy for billions of years, and there is so much water and material floating in the asteroid
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and Kuiper belt that we could sustain many times our current population.
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Instead of living on planets, we could decide to construct our own artificial worlds and habitats.
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With resources and energy so abundant, we could try out different types of society and ways of life.
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An interconnected civilization spanning the solar system would create the basis of existence for an absurd number of individuals, orders of magnitude more than if we stick to Earth,
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even if we only existed for a few million years.
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This future doesn't have to be grim and dark as science fiction likes to paint it.
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With quadrillions of people waiting to be born, we will have billions of doctors working on curing cancer, billions of problem solvers working on ending poverty,
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and billions of video game developers making life fun.
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humans may actually mean more progress.
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Another upside of leaving Earth and spreading out is
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that it becomes much harder for us to become extinct as you need a solar system-wide catastrophe to catch everybody.
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So aside from nearby supernovae or gamma-ray bursts, humanity would be relatively safe from extinction, maybe for billions of years.
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If we managed to survive for that long, slow evolution or genetic engineering might split us into multiple species,
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or we might intentionally keep ourselves the same as we are now.
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So to account for that, we'll just talk about people from now on, instead of humans.
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Ok, now let's think really big.
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Scenario 3.
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People leave the solar system.
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As enormous as the solar system is, it is just one star system among billions in the Milky Way.
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If future people can colonize say 100 billion stars and live there for 10 billion years, with each generating 100 million births per year,
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then we can expect something like a 100 octillion lives to be lived in the future.
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This is a one with 29 zeros.
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100,000 trillion trillion.
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We can spin this up as much as we like.
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The Andromeda galaxy will merge with the Milky Way, adding another trillion stars for us to settle.
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Dwarfs stay active for up to a trillion years, and future civilizations might even find energy for their habitats around black holes.
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A sufficiently advanced civilization of our descendants might even try to reach other galaxy groups.
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While these numbers are mind-blowing, they may underestimate the number of unborn people by many orders of magnitude.
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If we divide the total energy available in a galaxy by the average energy needs of a single person, then we get a tridicillion potential lives.
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A million, trillion, trillion, trillion potential people.
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Hopefully what's become evident is that if we don't kill ourselves in the next few centuries or millennia, almost all humans that will ever exist will live in the future.
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Which brings us back to us in the present.
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We exist at a high point in human history, with incredible possibilities at our grasp.
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Technological, environmental, and societal.
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What we do matters for all the people who do not exist yet.
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So while it's not en vogue to think about humanity's long-term future with optimism, or to think about it at all, maybe this has given you a bit of perspective.
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If we screw up the present, so many people may never come to exist.
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quadrillions of unborn humans are at our mercy.
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Even if we go with fairly conservative estimates, the unborn are by far the largest group of people and the most disenfranchised.
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Somebody who might be born in a thousand or even a million years deeply depends on us today for their existence.
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This is why it's important to think about the distant future and why our presence is so crucial, why it matters what we do today.
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One day the last human will be born.
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We don't know when. But
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if we change our perspective from us living at the end of the human story to us living at the very beginning, we can not only build a wonderful world for us and for them,
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but also for countless numbers of others.
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Huge announcement!
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We're launching Kurzgesagt in six more languages.
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Arabic, Brazilian Portuguese, French, Hindi, Japanese and Korean on top of our English, German and Spanish channels.
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Bringing new perspectives and a love for science to as many people as possible.
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Especially to some languages that are underserved because it's not profitable to translate to.
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If enough people watch our new channels, we can hopefully run them for many years to come.
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This is where we need your help.
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It takes us a lot of time, effort and yes, money to translate our videos properly and run so many channels.
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So to make this sustainable, please help us spread the word.
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If you're native in one of these languages, share our videos on social media and tell your friends and family.
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Make people in your native language aware that it exists.
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This multi-language expansion is supported by Open Philanthropy, an organization that tries to do as much good as possible.
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They want to help us spread awareness of science and ideas for how you can help humanity thrive.
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Their values align with ours in many fundamental ways, so we are going to work with them on more projects in the future.
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So please help us spread the word.
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And thank you for watching.
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We'll see
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you next time.
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Primeiras impressões: Por que esse vídeo é ótimo para praticar fala em inglês
O vídeo "The Last Human – A Glimpse Into The Far Future" é uma jóia para quem quer melhorar a pronúncia em inglês e a fluência. Sua narração clara, com ritmo moderado e intonação expressiva, cria o cenário perfeito para o shadowing em inglês (técnica de repetir frases imediatamente após ouvi-las). Além disso, o tema fascinante sobre o futuro da humanidade mantém o interesse, o que ajuda a se concentrar na prática sem enjoar. As frases variam de estruturas simples a mais complexas, mas sempre com uma lógica fácil de seguir, ideal para quem quer treinar a conversação em inglês de forma natural.
Analisando frases: Por que elas soam naturais
Vamos desmembrar algumas frases do vídeo que exemplificam a linguagem coloquial e eficaz:
- "Every generation assumes they’re important enough to witness the apocalypse and then life just goes on." A expressão "just goes on" é uma forma informal e comum de dizer que a vida continua, o que torna a frase mais humana. A estrutura "assumes they’re important enough to" usa um verbo + adjetivo + infinitivo, um padrão muito usado no inglês cotidiano.
- "This is a problem because it leads to short term thinking and prevents us from creating the best world for ourselves and our descendents." A conexão "because it leads to... and prevents us from" mostra como linkar causas e efeitos de forma clara. A palavra "descendents" (descendentes) é um termo útil, e a forma "short term thinking" (pensamento de curto prazo) é uma expressão compacta e natural.
- "If we screw up the present, so many people may never come to exist." O phrasal verb "screw up" (estragar) é super comum na fala informal, e a estrutura "so many people may never come to exist" usa o verbo "come to" para expressar um resultado, o que soa muito mais natural do que uma forma mais formal.
Rota de prática: Um loop simples de repetição e gravação
Para usar esse vídeo no shadow speech, siga esse passo a passo: 1) Escute um trecho de 10-15 segundos e preste atenção à pronúncia, intonação e ritmo. 2) Repita imediatamente, tentando imitar exatamente o que ouviu (não se preocupe se não acertar de primeira!). 3) Grave sua voz e compare com o original: note as diferenças de tom e pausas. 4) Repita o trecho 3-5 vezes até sentir mais conforto. Faça isso diariamente por 15 minutos, e você verá como a pronúncia em inglês e a fluência melhoram rapidamente. Lembre: o objetivo é se acostumar com a música da língua, não ser perfeito na primeira tentativa. Divirta-se com o tema e deixe que a curiosidade motive sua prática!
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | be born · was dwarfed · were born |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have always thought · have already lived · we've also invented |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | people who do · Somebody who might |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.