Prática de Shadowing: TOEFL Listening Practice | Lecture | Learning a Foreign Language - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Learning a foreign language is no easy task.
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Researchers into the field of language acquisition have been trying to establish the most efficient ways in
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which learners can retain new words.
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Kathy Wright reports.
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Language learning is all about exposure.
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For example, the more you see, hear, and use a word, the easier it will be to remember it.
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A certain amount of vocabulary acquisition occurs through what is known as incidental learning.
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whereby you pick up words without paying any special attention to them.
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But in order to achieve native speaker fluency, learners must adopt a variety of techniques.
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Professor Chris Johnson has been investigating what we call vocabulary acquisition strategies
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that student learners can use as they make a conscious effort to acquire words and expressions that don't come so easily.
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We tend to classify such acquisition strategies on a scale ranging from shallow to deep.
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Shallow strategies, such as repetition of a word or memorizing a list of words, activate short -term memory.
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Though these methods are quick and easy, the words are forgotten again within a matter of days or weeks.
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Fixing a word or expression in long -term memory requires deeper strategies.
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As you pointed out, Kathy, repetitive exposure is essential, so a number of different strategies should be employed.
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These include reading a variety of articles on the same topic, where key vocabulary appears frequently.
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In addition, using dictionaries to get a stronger sense of how a word is used and in what context, coupled with practice of these words,
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leads to long -term retention.
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Also, familiarizing yourself with word families or other words that combine with the one you're learning helps.
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Some students keep notebooks to help them organize this kind of information.
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More importantly, recent research indicates that fluent speakers have a large amount of prefabricated language at their disposal.
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In other words, the ability to speak fluently is based on the knowledge of collocations and memorized chunks of language.
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These language chunks include a wide variety of phrases and expressions, such as, As far as I know,
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my point is that, Have a nice day!
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This challenges the traditional view of learning discrete words so students should develop deep strategies particularly for learning language chunks.
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But how can learners be sure they are activating long -term memory?
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Well there is a theory called decay theory which contends
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that unless we retrieve and utilize information stored in our memories on a fairly regular basis it will be forgotten.
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New words or phrases need to be encountered in a variety of forms.
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If you read a phrase, try and use it when speaking or in writing and review it at regular spaced intervals.
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After a few hours, the following day, a few days later, and so on.
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Long -term memory has a much greater capacity for storing information, including language items, than short -term memory.
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Furthermore, research has shown that
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But to make the most efficient use of all this storage space, students should focus on learning chunks of language,
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because a chunk is stored in the brain as one item, though it may be made up of five or six discrete words.
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Strategies like these demand effort on the part of the learner, but according to the language experts,
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they do pay off and are crucial for anyone wishing to become truly fluent in a foreign language.
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Number 1.
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What are vocabulary acquisition strategies?
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Number 2.
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What is an example of a deep learning strategy?
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Number 3.
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What is a key finding of recent research?
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Number four.
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What does decay theory suggest?
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Number five.
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What does research into long -term memory indicate?
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Professor Chris Johnson has been investigating in what we call vocabulary acquisition strategies
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that student learners can use as they make a conscious effort to acquire words and expressions that don't come so easily.
51
Fixing a word or expression in long -term memory requires deeper strategies.
52
In addition, using dictionaries to get a stronger sense of how a word is used and in what context, coupled with practice of these words,
53
leads to long -term retention.
54
In other words, the ability to speak fluently is based on the knowledge of collocations and memorized chunks of language.
55
These language chunks include a wide variety of phrases and expressions, such as, as far as I know,
56
my point is that, have a nice day.
57
This challenges the traditional view of learning discrete words, so students should develop deep strategies,
58
particularly for learning language chunks.
59
Well, there is a theory called decay theory,
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which contends that unless we retrieve and utilize information stored in our memories on a fairly regular basis, it will be forgotten.
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Furthermore, research has shown that to make the most efficient use of all this storage space, students should focus on learning chunks of language,
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because a chunk is stored in the brain as one item, though it may be made up of five or six discrete words.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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I love you.
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We'll be right back.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “TOEFL Listening Practice”. As palavras que mais se repetem: word, language, strategies, learning, chunk. Este vídeo tem 69 frases e 843 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 11:13. O falante fala devagar, cerca de 75 palavras por minuto, o que dá tempo para imitar cada som. Apenas 79% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| chunk substantivo | /t͡ʃʌŋk/ | pedaço |
| acquisition substantivo | /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/ | aquisição |
| vocabulary substantivo | /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/ | vocabulário |
| phrase substantivo | /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/ | expressão, frase |
| efficient adjetivo | /ɪˈfɪʃənt/ | eficiente |
| decay substantivo | /diˈkeɪ/ | deterioração, apodrecimento |
| exposure substantivo | /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/ | exposição |
| indicate verbo | /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ | indicar |
| investigate verbo | /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/ | investigar |
| furthermore advérbio | /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/ | além disso |
| conscious adjetivo | /ˈkɑn.ʃəs/ | consciente |
| acquire verbo | /əˈkwaɪɚ/ | adquirir |
| shallow adjetivo | /ˈʃæloʊ/ | raso, superficial |
| dictionary substantivo | /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/ | dicionário |
| activate verbo | /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/ | ativar |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| pay off verbo | compensar |
| pick up verbo | pegar |
| point out verbo | apontar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — uma ação que começou antes e continua | have been trying · has been investigating |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is known · are forgotten · should be employed |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | has shown |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 4 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, we'll, you're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, conscious /ˈkɑn.ʃəs/, shallow /ˈʃæloʊ/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/, dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: chunk /t͡ʃʌŋk/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, indicate /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, disposal /dɪsˈpoʊ.zəl/, interval /ˈɪntɚvəl/, incidental /ɪnsɪˈdɛntəl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como chunk, acquisition, vocabulary.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.