تدريب Shadowing: TOEFL Listening Practice | Lecture | Learning a Foreign Language - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو

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69 جمل
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Learning a foreign language is no easy task.
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Researchers into the field of language acquisition have been trying to establish the most efficient ways in
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which learners can retain new words.
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Kathy Wright reports.
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Language learning is all about exposure.
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For example, the more you see, hear, and use a word, the easier it will be to remember it.
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A certain amount of vocabulary acquisition occurs through what is known as incidental learning.
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whereby you pick up words without paying any special attention to them.
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But in order to achieve native speaker fluency, learners must adopt a variety of techniques.
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Professor Chris Johnson has been investigating what we call vocabulary acquisition strategies
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that student learners can use as they make a conscious effort to acquire words and expressions that don't come so easily.
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We tend to classify such acquisition strategies on a scale ranging from shallow to deep.
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Shallow strategies, such as repetition of a word or memorizing a list of words, activate short -term memory.
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Though these methods are quick and easy, the words are forgotten again within a matter of days or weeks.
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Fixing a word or expression in long -term memory requires deeper strategies.
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As you pointed out, Kathy, repetitive exposure is essential, so a number of different strategies should be employed.
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These include reading a variety of articles on the same topic, where key vocabulary appears frequently.
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In addition, using dictionaries to get a stronger sense of how a word is used and in what context, coupled with practice of these words,
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leads to long -term retention.
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Also, familiarizing yourself with word families or other words that combine with the one you're learning helps.
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Some students keep notebooks to help them organize this kind of information.
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More importantly, recent research indicates that fluent speakers have a large amount of prefabricated language at their disposal.
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In other words, the ability to speak fluently is based on the knowledge of collocations and memorized chunks of language.
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These language chunks include a wide variety of phrases and expressions, such as, As far as I know,
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my point is that, Have a nice day!
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This challenges the traditional view of learning discrete words so students should develop deep strategies particularly for learning language chunks.
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But how can learners be sure they are activating long -term memory?
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Well there is a theory called decay theory which contends
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that unless we retrieve and utilize information stored in our memories on a fairly regular basis it will be forgotten.
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New words or phrases need to be encountered in a variety of forms.
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If you read a phrase, try and use it when speaking or in writing and review it at regular spaced intervals.
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After a few hours, the following day, a few days later, and so on.
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Long -term memory has a much greater capacity for storing information, including language items, than short -term memory.
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Furthermore, research has shown that
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But to make the most efficient use of all this storage space, students should focus on learning chunks of language,
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because a chunk is stored in the brain as one item, though it may be made up of five or six discrete words.
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Strategies like these demand effort on the part of the learner, but according to the language experts,
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they do pay off and are crucial for anyone wishing to become truly fluent in a foreign language.
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Number 1.
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What are vocabulary acquisition strategies?
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Number 2.
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What is an example of a deep learning strategy?
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Number 3.
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What is a key finding of recent research?
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Number four.
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What does decay theory suggest?
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Number five.
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What does research into long -term memory indicate?
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Professor Chris Johnson has been investigating in what we call vocabulary acquisition strategies
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that student learners can use as they make a conscious effort to acquire words and expressions that don't come so easily.
51
Fixing a word or expression in long -term memory requires deeper strategies.
52
In addition, using dictionaries to get a stronger sense of how a word is used and in what context, coupled with practice of these words,
53
leads to long -term retention.
54
In other words, the ability to speak fluently is based on the knowledge of collocations and memorized chunks of language.
55
These language chunks include a wide variety of phrases and expressions, such as, as far as I know,
56
my point is that, have a nice day.
57
This challenges the traditional view of learning discrete words, so students should develop deep strategies,
58
particularly for learning language chunks.
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Well, there is a theory called decay theory,
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which contends that unless we retrieve and utilize information stored in our memories on a fairly regular basis, it will be forgotten.
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Furthermore, research has shown that to make the most efficient use of all this storage space, students should focus on learning chunks of language,
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because a chunk is stored in the brain as one item, though it may be made up of five or six discrete words.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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I love you.
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We'll be right back.

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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس

هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “TOEFL Listening Practice”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: word, language, strategies, learning, chunk. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 69 جملة و843 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 11:13. يتكلم المتحدث ببطء، بمعدل 75 كلمة في الدقيقة تقريبًا، فيكون لديك وقت لتقليد كل صوت. 79% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.

أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو

15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:

الكلمةالنطقالمعنى
acquisition اسم/ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/اِكْتِسَاب
vocabulary اسم/vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/مُفْرَدَات, ذَخِيرَة لُغَوِيَّة
phrase اسم/ˈfɹeɪ̯z/جُمْلَة, تَعْبِير
efficient صفة/ɪˈfɪʃənt/فَعَّال
decay اسم/diˈkeɪ/نَخْر
indicate فعل/ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/دَلَّ عَلَى, رَمَزَ إِلَى
furthermore ظرف/ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/عِلَاوَة عَلَى ذٰلِكَ, أَضِف إِلَى ذٰلِك
acquire فعل/əˈkwaɪɚ/حَصَلَ
shallow صفة/ˈʃæloʊ/ضَحِل
dictionary اسم/ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/قَامُوس, مُعْجَم
retention اسم/ɹɪˈtɛnʃən/حِفْظ
activate فعل/ˈæktɪˌveɪt/فَعَّلَ
retrieve فعل/ɹɪˈtɹiːv/استرجع
fluent صفة/ˈfluənt/طَلِق, فَصِيح
topic اسم/ˈtɑpɪk/مَوْضُوع, مَوَاضِيع

الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها

الكلمةالمعنى
pick up فعلقَطَفَ
point out فعلأَشَارَ

القواعد في هذا الفيديو

أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:

التركيبفي الفيديو
المضارع التام المستمر have/has been + -ing — حدث بدأ سابقًا وما زال مستمرًاhave been trying · has been investigating
المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعلهis known · are forgotten · should be employed
المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآنhas shown

نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه

يستخدم المتحدث 4 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل don't, we'll, you're. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.

  • أصوات “sh” و“zh”: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, conscious /ˈkɑn.ʃəs/, shallow /ˈʃæloʊ/
  • الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/, dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/

أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:

  • /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, topic /ˈtɑpɪk/, adopt /əˈdɑpt/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/, disposal /dɪsˈpoʊ.zəl/
  • /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, retrieve /ɹɪˈtɹiːv/, interval /ˈɪntɚvəl/
  • تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: chunk /t͡ʃʌŋk/, phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, contend /kənˈtɛnd/

كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو

  1. استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
  2. ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
  3. سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل acquisition, vocabulary, phrase.

ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.

تقنية الشادوينغ: اقرأ الدليل الكامل خطوة بخطوة →