تدريب Shadowing: TOEFL Listening Practice | Lecture | Poor Contrast Sensitivity - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو

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66 جمل
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thousands of people worldwide suffer from a condition called poor contrast sensitivity.
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Contrast sensitivity is the crispness of our vision.
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It enables us to see objects or colors that do not clearly stand out from their backgrounds.
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While this condition can be treated, correction involves wearing glasses or contact lenses or having surgery.
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However, recent research may have provided another solution.
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David Sanderson reports.
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People with poor contrast sensitivity have problems with night driving, including seeing pedestrians walking along poorly lit streets.
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They need extra light to read because they tire easily,
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and they may even stumble in the street when they fail to distinguish a step or curb of a similarly colored sidewalk.
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Poor contrast sensitivity affects the elderly and those suffering from amblyopia, or lazy eye.
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Recently, neuroscientists at the University of Rochester in New York used video games to carry out experiments on poor contrast sensitivity.
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Professor Frank Alexander explains.
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The images we see are processed by the brain into information about our environment.
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Neuroscientists have been studying how certain video games can enhance your eyesight and consequently, brain function.
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In this particular experiment,
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researchers studied two groups of college students who both played video games for 50 hours during a nine -week course.
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One group played action -packed shooter games such as Unreal Tournament and Call of Duty,
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which require precise, visually -guided aiming at targets, while the other played less intense puzzle games like Sims.
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The results indicated that gamers who play shooter games experienced a 43 to 58 % improvement in their contrast sensitivity,
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while those who played non -action games showed none.
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Fast action video games improved the student's spatial resolution or ability to see small objects,
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even when closely packed together on a cluttered screen. In fact, the students who played action games were able to distinguish such
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objects even in the chaotic visual scenes of a game because gaming sharpens vision.
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It also assists the brain in processing situations that are visually complex,
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allowing a player to keep track of multiple items simultaneously while processing information that is constantly being updated or changed.
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Poor contrast sensitivity was once considered impossible to change naturally, that is, without wearing glasses or undergoing surgery.
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This research confirms that it can be improved.
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Consequently, the brain makes better use of the visual information it receives.
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Interestingly, games that best improved contrast sensitivity were unpredictable and required aiming at various targets while distinguishing friend from enemy before shooting.
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This demands consistent alertness and analysis of what's happening on screen.
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But was the improvement temporary or permanent?
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This was crucial to the research.
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The subjects were tested two days after the gaming period, after six months, and then two years later.
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The results confirmed the initial findings video games extend our visual system to its limits
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and the brain adapts itself accordingly the effects remain even two years after the initial gaming period is over
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these findings will be applied to contrast sensitivity in people suffering from amblyopia
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thus helping to give them stereo vision so
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that both eyes are working together and also to the elderly whose contrast sensitivity has deteriorated with age.
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In addition, the research is relevant to jobs requiring the fast, accurate processing of visual stimuli such as piloting a plane,
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scanning x -rays, and screening luggage at airports.
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Scientists are also interested in how video games can improve learning,
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so that one day developers can create games that intrinsically enhance memory, perception, and other mental capabilities.
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Number 1.
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What is poor contrast sensitivity?
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Number 2.
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What was the purpose of the research?
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Number 3.
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What was the main finding of the research study?
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Number 4.
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Which feature of the games did researchers identify as most significant?
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Number 5.
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How can this research be applied outside the medical field?
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Contrast sensitivity is the crispness of our vision.
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It enables us to see objects or colors that do not clearly stand out from their backgrounds.
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And they may even stumble in the street when they fail to distinguish a step or curb of a similarly colored sidewalk.
56
Neuroscientists have been studying how certain video games can enhance your eyesight and consequently brain function.
57
The results indicated that gamers who play shooter games experienced a 43 % to 58 % improvement in their contrast sensitivity.
58
Consequently, the brain makes better use of the visual information it receives.
59
Interestingly, games that best improved contrast sensitivity were unpredictable and required aiming at various targets while distinguishing friend from enemy before shooting.
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Poor contrast sensitivity affects the elderly and those suffering from amblyopia, or lazy eye.
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These findings will be applied to contrast sensitivity in people suffering from amblyopia,
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thus helping to give them stereo vision so that both eyes are working together.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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You Thank you.
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We'll be right back so

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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس

هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “TOEFL Listening Practice”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: sensitivity, contrast, brain, poor, visual. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 66 جملة و794 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 10:27. يتكلم المتحدث ببطء، بمعدل 76 كلمة في الدقيقة تقريبًا، فيكون لديك وقت لتقليد كل صوت. 76% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.

أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو

15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:

الكلمةالنطقالمعنى
suffer فعل/ˈsʌfɚ/تَأَلَّمَ, عَانَى
consequently ظرف/ˈkɑnsɪˌkwɛntli/بِٱلتَّالِي, وَعَلَيْهِ فَإِنَّ
shooter اسم/ˈʃuːtəː/رَامٍ, رَامِيَة
confirm فعل/kənˈfɝm/أَكَّدَ, أَثْبَتَ
experiment اسم/ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/تَجْرِبَة, اِخْتِبَار
indicate فعل/ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/دَلَّ عَلَى, رَمَزَ إِلَى
lazy صفة/ˈleɪ̯zi(ː)/كَسْلَان
researcher اسم/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/بَاحِث, بَاحِثَة
sidewalk اسم/ˈsaɪdwɔk/رَصِيف, طَوَار
consistent صفة/kənˈsɪs.tənt/مُتَّسِق
temporary صفة/ˈtɛmp(əˌɹ)ɛɹi/مُؤَقَّت
intense صفة/ɪnˈtɛns/شَدِيد
crucial صفة/ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/حَاسِم
scientist اسم/ˈsaɪəntəst/عَالِم, عَالِمَة
perception اسم/pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/اِدْرََاك حَسِّيّ

الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها

الكلمةالنطقالمعنى
carry out فعل/ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/شَغَّلَ, نَفَّذَ

القواعد في هذا الفيديو

أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:

التركيبفي الفيديو
المضارع التام المستمر have/has been + -ing — حدث بدأ سابقًا وما زال مستمرًاhave been studying
المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعلهcan be treated · are processed · being updated
جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيءstudents who both · those who played · students who played

نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه

  • أصوات “sh” و“zh”: contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/, shooter /ˈʃuːtəː/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/
  • الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: sensitivity /ˌsɛn.səˈtɪv.ə.ti/, consequently /ˈkɑnsɪˌkwɛntli/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/, visually /ˈvɪzju.əli/

أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:

  • /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, temporary /ˈtɛmp(əˌɹ)ɛɹi/, developer /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, precise /pɹɪˈsaɪs/
  • /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: sensitivity /ˌsɛn.səˈtɪv.ə.ti/, visually /ˈvɪzju.əli/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, developer /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/
  • تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/, consequently /ˈkɑnsɪˌkwɛntli/, enhance /ɪnˈhæns/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/

كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو

  1. استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
  2. ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
  3. سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل suffer, consequently, shooter.

ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.

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