Практика Shadowing: Cambridge 19 Listening Test 4 Part 4 - Изучайте разговорный английский с YouTube

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Part 4.
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Part 4.
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You will hear part of an environmental studies lecture on tree planting.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Tree planting now dominates political and popular agendas and is often presented as an easy answer to the climate crisis,
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as well as a way for business corporations to offset their carbon emissions.
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But unfortunately, tree planting isn't as straightforward as some people think.
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When the wrong trees are planted in the wrong place,
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it can do considerably more damage than good,
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failing to help either people or the environment.
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Reforestation projects are currently being undertaken on a huge scale in many countries,
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and it's crucial that the right trees are selected.
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A mix of species should always be planted,
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typical of the local natural forest ecosystem and including rare and endangered species in order to create a rich ecosystem.
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It's important to avoid non-native species that could become invasive.
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Invasive species are a significant contributor to the current global biodiversity crisis
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and are often in competition with native species and may threaten their long term survival.
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Restoring biodiversity that will maximise carbon capture is key when reforesting an area,
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but ideally any reforestation project should have several goals.
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These could include selecting trees that can contribute to wildlife conservation,
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improve the availability of food for the local community and maintain the stability of soil systems.
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Meeting as many of these goals as possible,
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whilst doing no harm to local communities,
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native ecosystems and vulnerable species,
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is the sign of a highly successful tree planting scheme.
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To ensure the survival and resilience of a planted forest,
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it's vital to use tree seeds with appropriate levels of genetic diversity,
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the amount of genetic variation found within a species essential for their survival.
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Using seeds with low genetic diversity generally lowers the resilience of restored forests,
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which can make them vulnerable to disease and unable to adapt to climate change.
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Choosing the right location for reforestation projects is as important as choosing the right trees.
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Ultimately, the best area for planting trees would be informally forested areas that are in poor condition.
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It's better to avoid non-forested landscapes,
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such as natural grasslands, savannas or wetlands,
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as these ecosystems already contribute greatly to capturing carbon.
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It would also be advantageous to choose an area where trees could provide other benefits,
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such as recreational spaces.
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Reforesting areas which are currently exploited for agriculture should be avoided,
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as this often leads to other areas being deforested.
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Large scale reforestation projects require careful planning.
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Making the right decisions about where to plant trees depends on having the right information.
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Having detailed and up-to-date maps identifying high priority areas for intervention is essential.
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Drone technology is a useful tool in helping to prioritise and monitor areas of degraded forest for restoration.
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In Brazil, it's being used to identify and quantify how parts of the Amazon are being devastated by human activities,
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such as rearing cattle and illegal logging.
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A good example of where the right trees were picked to
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achieve a restored forest is in in Lampang province in northern Thailand.
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A previously forested site, which had been degraded through mining,
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was reforested by a cement company,
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together with Chiang Mai University.
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After spreading 60 centimetres of topsoil,
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they planted 14 different native tree species,
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which included several species of fig.
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Figs are a keystone species because of the critical role they play in maintaining wildlife populations.
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They are central to tropical reforestation projects as they accelerate the speed of the recovery process by attracting animals
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and birds which act as natural seed dispersers.
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This helps to promote diversity through the healthy regrowth of a wide range of plant species.
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Unlike the majority of fruit trees,
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figs bear fruit all year round,
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providing a reliable food source for many species.
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At this site, for example,
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after only three rainy seasons,
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monkeys started visiting to eat the fig fruits,
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naturally dispersing seeds through defecation.
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Reforestation projects should always aim to make sure that local communities are consulted and involved in the decision-making process.
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The restoration of mangrove forests in Madagascar is an example of a project
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which has succeeded in creating real benefits for the community.
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Destruction of the mangrove forests had a terrible impact on plant and animal life and also badly affected the fishing industry,
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which was a major source of employment for local people living in coastal areas.
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The reforestation project involved hiring local people to plant and care for the new mangrove trees.
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Millions of mangrove trees have now been planted,
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which has resulted in the return of a healthy aquatic ecosystem.
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The mangroves also act as a defence against the increased threat of flooding caused by climate change.
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What's more, the local economy is more stable and thousands more Madagascans are now able to send their children to school.
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One other important point to consider...

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Об этой уроке

В этом уроке вы будете практиковать восприятие на слух и произношение на английском языке, основываясь на лекции по экологическим исследованиям, сосредоточенной на насаждении деревьев. Вы научитесь использовать новую лексику и фразы, что поможет вам в повседневном общении. В процессе практики вы будете иметь возможность улучшить произношение английского, что сделает вашу речь более уверенной и понятной.

Ключевая лексика и фразы

  • tree planting - насаждение деревьев
  • environmental studies - экологические исследования
  • biodiversity - биоразнообразие
  • native species - местные виды
  • invasive species - инвазивные виды
  • reforestation - восстановление лесов
  • genetic diversity - генетическое разнообразие
  • ecosystem - экосистема

Советы по практике

Чтобы наилучшим образом воспользоваться этим уроком, воспользуйтесь техникой shadow speech. Слушая аудиотрек, постарайтесь одновременно повторять услышанное с такой же интонацией и ритмом, как у говорящего. Записывайте себя на диктофон, чтобы позже анализировать своё произношение.

Обратите внимание на скорость речи в лекции. Сначала вы можете замедлить воспроизведение, чтобы легче было следить за произношением сложных слов. Затем постепенно увеличивайте скорость, чтобы достичь естественного темпа речевого потока. Это поможет вам улучшить произношение английского и подготовит к реальным условиям общения.

Также полезно прослушивать фразы несколько раз и пытаться их воспроизводить не только вслух, но и про себя. Это поможет закрепить материал и лучше понять его содержание. Используйте практику разговорного английского, чтобы активно применять новые слова и выражения в ваших диалогах с друзьями или в языковых группах.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

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