Практика Shadowing: The Poverty Trap - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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The poverty trap represents the set of events likely to keep an individual in poverty unless an external force, like winning the lottery, intervenes.
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Why does this trap exist?
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Let's make it personal.
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Imagine you're a college student, which you probably are.
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You may be fortunate enough to own a desktop or laptop computer to help you complete your college assignments.
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Being able to complete your assignments allows you to complete the course.
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Completing all your courses allows you to graduate from college and then potentially get a well-paying job.
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This means that your current investments in things like education will have a positive effect on your future income.
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In fact, once you graduate, your future income might come close to the highest level it will reach in your life.
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This means that the money you make today will have an exponential increase on your ability to make money in the future.
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For each dollar you make, you are able to save and even invest that dollar for the future.
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In this case, you are investing that dollar in education.
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However, what would happen if your computer broke and you had to get it fixed?
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Even as a poor student, you would probably be able to find a way to pay to get your computer fixed.
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You might have to borrow money or sell something.
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Regardless, you have many more opportunities to handle financial woes than someone who lives in poverty in a less developed country.
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For people in extreme poverty, current investments in things like education will not have an immediate positive effect on future income.
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As you can see from the new graph, money someone makes today doesn't help them make money in the future until they make a certain amount.
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But why is this different for someone living in poverty in a less developed country?
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Consider Grace, a poor farmer in Tanzania who raises chickens and sells them to other people in the village.
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Grace uses the money from selling chickens to pay school fees for her children, and to buy food and clothes for them and her husband who has been sick and unable to work.
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What little she has left over she puts into feeding and caring for the chickens, buying medicine to keep them healthy, and maybe even buying baby chicks if she can afford to.
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In this state, Grace will be able to survive and perhaps even grow her business.
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She could eventually raise her family out of poverty.
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Unfortunately, however, things seldom remain stable.
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The chicken coop will need maintenance, or a child will become sick and need to go to the doctor.
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School fees will increase, or the cost of food will go up, or the house will need repairs.
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In most cases throughout the developing world, there is no health insurance, home insurance, or welfare programs to help Grace with these unexpected costs.
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In any of these situations, because Grace has very little money saved and few options for borrowing, she might have to sell all her chickens or take her children out of school to cover unexpected costs.
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This puts her back in a similar or worse situation than the one she was in before her financial woes began.
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This is the poverty trap.
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It means that if you are very poor, the money you make in the present
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or the education you receive in the present doesn't necessarily help you make more money in the future
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because you have no resources to fall back on in the case of a financial setback.
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Every time something goes well and you are able to save a little money, something comes along and you need to use that money to survive.
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Many people in the developing world are likely to be stuck in this trap and not able to get out, unless some other type of intervention occurs.
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What this intervention looks like is highly contested among academics, politicians, and even business experts.
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But one thing is for sure, the poverty trap is real and creates major problems for billions of people, not to mention our entire global economy.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
В этом видео 38 предложений и 689 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 3:24. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 202 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. 89% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика простая.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 менее частых слов из видео с произношением и значением:
- poverty /ˈpɑːvɚti/ (существительное) — бе́дность, нищета́. The quality or state of being poor; lack of money
- trap /tɹæp/ (существительное) — лову́шка, западня́. A machine or other device designed to catch (and sometimes kill) animals, either by holding them in a container, or by catching hold of part of the body.
- invest /ɪnˈvɛst/ (глагол) — вкла́дывать, вложи́ть. To spend money, time, or energy on something, especially for some benefit or purpose; used with in.
- intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/ (существительное) — вмеша́тельство, интерве́нция. The action of intervening; interfering in some course of events.
- unexpected /ʌnɪkˈspɛktɪd/ (прилагательное) — неожи́данный, нежда́нный. Not expected, anticipated or foreseen.
- assignment /əˈsaɪn.mənt/ (существительное) — назначе́ние, распределе́ние. The act of assigning; the allocation of a job or a set of tasks.
- necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/ (наречие) — обяза́тельно. Inevitably; of necessity.
- stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ (существительное) — коню́шня, хлев. A building, wing or dependency set apart and adapted for lodging and feeding (and training) ungulates, especially horses.
- occur /əˈkɜː/ (глагол) — происходи́ть, произойти́. To happen or take place.
- welfare /ˈwɛlˌfɛɚ/ (существительное) — благосостоя́ние, благополу́чие. Health, safety, happiness and prosperity; well-being in any respect.
- repair /ˈɹiːpɛɚ/ (глагол) — ремонти́ровать, отремонти́ровать. To restore to good working order, fix, or improve damaged condition; to mend; to remedy.
- resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ (существительное) — ресу́рс, запа́с. Something that one uses to achieve an objective, e.g. raw materials or personnel.
- laptop /ˈlæp.tɑp/ (существительное) — но́утбук, ноутбу́к. A laptop computer.
- politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/ (существительное) — поли́тик, полити́ческий де́ятель. One engaged in politics, especially an elected or appointed government official.
- farmer /ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/ (существительное) — крестья́нин, фе́рмер. A person who works the land and/or who keeps livestock; anyone engaged in agriculture on a farm.
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
- come along (глагол) — сопровожда́ть, составля́ть компа́нию. To accompany.
- go up (глагол) — поднима́ться, подня́ться. To move upwards.
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 3 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например doesn't, you're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, unexpected /ʌnɪkˈspɛktɪd/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как poverty, trap, invest.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.