ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: MULTILEVEL MASTER LISTENING PART 2, (EXERCISE 11-20) WITH ANSWERS
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1
Exercise 11 You will hear a radio presenter called William talking about a photography course he did.
2
I had a great time away on holiday
3
and one of the things I did was go on a two -day photography course about taking photos of people.
4
It was for beginners and I was given quite a few tips, some of which I think are really useful.
5
For example, getting your position correct is really important.
6
They said a common mistake is to stand too far away from the person.
7
You get a much better result if you get close to them as they take up more of the photo.
8
It's also important to make sure the camera camera is at the same height as the person, especially if you're taking one of a child.
9
A really useful tip was to pay attention to the background.
10
The person will stand out much more if the background is as plain as possible.
11
This will help you to focus on the subject of your photo.
12
Although most smartphones come with a flash to provide extra light, they suggested we try to make as much use as possible of daylight.
13
Doing this will make the colours more accurate and the photo will appear more natural.
14
We're all used to asking someone to say cheese when we're about to take their photo.
15
To get a more interesting picture, they recommended taking a photo of the person when they don't know you're about to do it.
16
Perhaps they're reading or looking out of the window.
17
Finally, they told us to take plenty of photos so we can practice our skills.
18
They said we should aim to take at least three photos of people every day.
19
These can be of friends and family or even strangers, if you ask their permission.
20
Now listen again.
21
I had a great time away on holiday
22
and one of the things I did was go on a two -day photography course about taking photos of people.
23
It was for beginners and I was given quite a few tips, some of which I think are really useful.
24
For example, getting your position correct is really important.
25
They said a common mistake is to stand too far away from the person.
26
You get a much better result if you get close to them as they take up more of the photo.
27
It's also important to make sure the camera is at the same height as the person, especially if you're taking one of a child.
28
A really useful tip was to pay attention to the background.
29
The person will stand out much more if the background is as plain as possible.
30
This will help you to focus on the subject of your photo.
31
Although most smartphones come with a flash to provide extra light, they suggested we try to make as much use as possible of daylight.
32
Doing this will make the colours more accurate and the photo will appear more natural.
33
We're all used to asking someone to say cheese when we're about to take their photo.
34
To get a more interesting picture, they recommended taking a photo of the person when they don't know you're about to do it.
35
Perhaps they're reading or looking out of the window.
36
Finally, they told us to take plenty of photos so we can practice our skills.
37
They said we should aim to take at least three photos of people every day.
38
These can be of friends and family or even strangers if you ask their permission.
39
Exercise 12 You will hear a radio presenter called Ellen talking about local activities taking place over the summer.
40
If you're looking for things to do over the summer,
41
there's lots going on in the area i'll give you an idea of what you can do now
42
but for a full program of events text 1576
43
and we'll send you a link to all the information
44
you need to give you a taste of what's on offer
45
the activity center is running a wide range of activities for all the family there's climbing for beginners.
46
This is indoors and will be led by experienced teachers.
47
The center has also organized a walk along the coast path for a look at some of the creatures
48
you can find there.
49
The center is open seven days a week,
50
with a special open day on the 13th of June to give you an idea of what else is on offer.
51
As you know, our town has a very long history,
52
and those with an interest in the past can sign up for one of the guided walks the history group has organized.
53
Find out where a very well -known celebrity was born and learn about local industry in the past.
54
You can find out more at the History Center, which is located in the Central Library.
55
For film lovers, the Arts Center has a full program of films running throughout the summer months and the Book Festival,
56
which starts on the 14th of August, has several speakers on its program and book readings by some well -known authors.
57
This year, they'll be organizing a question -and -answer session for anyone interested in writing poetry.
58
The Arts Centre expects this to be quite popular, so you should call them first to book a place.
59
Now listen again.
60
If you're looking for things to do over the summer, there's lots going on in the area.
61
I'll give you an idea of what you can do now, but for a full program of events,
62
text 1576 and we'll send you a link to all the information you need.
63
To give you a taste of what's on offer, the Activity Centre is running a wide range of activities for all the family.
64
There's climbing for beginners.
65
This is indoors and will be led by experienced teachers.
66
The center has also organized a walk along the coast path for a look at some of the creatures
67
you can find there.
68
The center is open seven days a week with a special
69
open day on the 13th of June to give you an idea of what else is on offer.
70
As you know, our town has a very long history,
71
and those with an interest in the past can sign up for one of the guided walks the history group has organized.
72
Find out where a very well -known celebrity was born and learn about local industry in the past.
73
You can find out more at the History Center, which is located in the Central Library.
74
For film lovers, the Arts Centre has a full program of films running throughout the summer months,
75
and the Book Festival, which starts on the 14th of August, has several speakers on its program,
76
and book readings by some well -known authors.
77
This year, they'll be organizing a question -and -answer session for anyone interested in writing poetry.
78
The Arts Centre expects this to be quite popular, so you should call them first to book a place.
79
Exercise 13 You will hear an announcement in a supermarket.
80
Welcome to Milburn's.
81
If you're looking for a sale or for something unusual,
82
don't forget our Thursday special buy day where you'll find some great offers.
83
These change every week and are removed from the shelves at the end of the day.
84
This Thursday you'll be able to buy a special gift for your pet with lots of items at low, low prices.
85
Come early and don't miss our offers.
86
Are you interested in a career with Milburns?
87
We're looking for new staff in various areas of the business.
88
There are now opportunities to join our trainee manager program and several jobs for cleaners.
89
We are proud of our staff and like to think they're proud to be part of the Milburn family.
90
Why not speak to our manager today if you're interested in joining us?
91
or pick up our magazine at the exit for details about how to apply.
92
As the new year approaches, we know you'll need to get your shopping done ready for all the celebrations.
93
We'll be opening until 10 .30 on Friday evening to give you time to get ready for the big day.
94
Don't forget we'll be closed on the 1st but open again on the 2nd when we return to normal opening hours.
95
We value our local community and are always looking for the chance to help out where we can.
96
This month, we're supporting the Local Arts Project and the Children's Theatre Group.
97
When you pay for your shopping, you'll be given a ticket.
98
To show your support, choose which of the organisations you would like to give this to by putting it in the box by the exit.
99
We'll turn these into cash when they are counted up at the end of the month.
100
Now listen again.
101
Welcome to Milburn's.
102
If you're looking for a sale or for something unusual,
103
don't forget our Thursday special buy day where you'll find some great offers.
104
These change every week and are removed from the shelves at the end of the day.
105
This Thursday you'll be able to buy a special gift for your pet with lots of items at low, low prices.
106
Come early and don't miss our offers
107
Are you interested in a career with Milburns?
108
We're looking for new staff in various areas of the business
109
There are now opportunities to join our trainee manager program and several jobs for cleaners
110
We are proud of our staff and like to think they're proud to be part of the Milburn family
111
Why not speak to our manager today if you're interested in joining us
112
Or pick up our magazine at the exit for details about how to apply
113
As the new year approaches, we know you'll need to get your shopping done ready for all the celebrations
114
We'll be opening until 10 .30 on Friday evening to give you time to get ready for the big day
115
Don't forget we'll be closed on the 1st but open again on the 2nd when we return to normal opening hours
116
We value our local community and are always looking for the chance to help out where we can
117
This month we're supporting the Local Arts Project and the Children's Theatre Group
118
When you pay for your shopping you'll be given a ticket
119
To show your support, choose
120
which of the organisations you would like to give this to by putting it in the box by the exit.
121
We'll turn these into cash when they are counted up at the end of the month.
122
Exercise 14 You will hear a radio presenter telling new students about the first week at university.
123
This will be a very exciting time for you.
124
You've got the grades you needed and you're off to university.
125
For many of you, this will be the first time away from home.
126
Write a list of things you should take with you, for example, your passport, if you're planning to go travelling.
127
You'll certainly need all the documentation the university has sent you about your course or accommodation.
128
Don't bring too many household items with you.
129
You'll be able to buy a lot of things at university.
130
When you arrive and go to your room, check that everything is as it should be and in good condition.
131
Report anything that looks damaged.
132
You don't want to be blamed for this and be asked to pay any costs involved.
133
This is also the time to get to meet new people.
134
Don't lock yourself away in your room, but go to the kitchen, as this is always the first place to introduce yourself to other students.
135
During your first week, you can enjoy Fresher's Week.
136
This is the time to find out about all the clubs and societies you can join at university.
137
These are great ways to get to know students doing different subjects.
138
These people will help you forget about your studies when you need to relax and not talk about work.
139
It's sensible to limit yourself to signing up to a maximum of five groups
140
or you'll be receiving emails for weeks to come.
141
Don't forget the important things like registering with the local doctor as soon as you can.
142
And think about your weekly shopping list.
143
Don't spend too much, but at the same time, make sure you don't go hungry.
144
And remember to put your name on your food.
145
A shared fridge sometimes leads to arguments.
146
Now listen again.
147
This will be a very exciting time for you.
148
You've got the grades you needed and you're off to university.
149
For many of you, this will be the first time away from home.
150
Write a list of things you should take with you, for example your passport, if you're planning to go travelling.
151
You'll certainly need all the documentation the university has sent you about your course or accommodation.
152
Don't bring too many household items with you.
153
You'll be able to buy a lot of things at university.
154
When you arrive and go to your room, check that everything is as it should be and in good condition.
155
Report anything that looks damaged.
156
You don't want to be blamed for this and be asked to pay any costs involved.
157
This is also the time to get to meet new people.
158
Don't lock yourself away in your room, but go to the kitchen as this is always the first place to introduce yourself to other students.
159
During your first week you can enjoy Fresher's Week.
160
This is the time to find out about all the clubs and societies you can join at university.
161
These are great ways to get to know students doing different subjects.
162
These people will help you forget about your studies when you need to relax and not talk about work.
163
It's sensible to limit yourself to signing up to a maximum of five groups, or you'll be receiving emails for weeks to come.
164
Don't forget the important things like registering with the local doctor as soon as you can.
165
And think about your weekly shopping list.
166
Don't spend too much, but at the same time, make sure you don't go hungry.
167
And remember to put your name on your food.
168
A shared fridge sometimes leads to arguments.
169
Exercise 15 Hello everybody and welcome to the class.
170
I'm pleased to see so many of you here today.
171
But don't worry, there won't be any more of you.
172
There's always a maximum of 15 in the class and a minimum of 8.
173
Before we start, I'd like to tell you about the course course.
174
Some of the information you'll probably know already, but some of it has changed.
175
Your class will still be on Tuesday evenings, but it won't start at 7 o 'clock.
176
It will start at the later time of 7 .30 and will end at 9 .30, not 9 o 'clock.
177
I hope that change is OK for everyone.
178
Unfortunately, I can't be here any earlier than that.
179
Another change is the room.
180
Next week, we need to move to the second floor, to the room opposite the art room.
181
That's room 26.
182
Today is the only time we'll be here in room 12.
183
The course book will be the same as before, that is, starting French.
184
I see some of you have already bought it.
185
That's good.
186
However, if you want to buy it from us, it costs £8.
187
You can order it today, but it takes two weeks, so you won't have it until the 1st of October.
188
One more thing.
189
During the last week of term there is an international evening at the college.
190
There will be traditional dancing from different countries, and every class is asked to provide some food.
191
I thought we could take some French cheese, but any other suggestions are welcome.
192
And finally, let me remind you that most of your lessons will be completely in French.
193
So, let's begin now, shall we?
194
Exercise 16 You will hear a travel writer talking about different holiday destinations.
195
I love being a travel writer and I love talking about my trips.
196
So, thank you for inviting me into the studio today.
197
Right, I'm going to tell you about three different holidays that I can recommend to everyone.
198
The first is a good year -round sun destination, the Canary Islands.
199
These islands are known for their big, busy seaside hotels in Tenerife and Lanzarote,
200
but there are less well -known islands like La Gomera.
201
If you want a quieter experience you can stay in traditional villages there
202
and try out the excellent walking routes in the hills.
203
Johnson's Travel currently has two -week holidays in La Gomera from as little as £600 per person
204
or £900 with an extra week.
205
Another island you might like to try is Sardinia in the Mediterranean
206
and if you and your family want a little more adventure then a water sports holiday could be the one for you.
207
Water skiing and sailing are always popular
208
and you could even try for a diving qualification
209
while you're there on one of the specially organised activity weeks offered by Sun World.
210
Sun World designs fantastic holidays and the peak season for families begins in July.
211
It's important to remember, however, that the month of June is reserved for adults only.
212
Finally, if you're not interested in lying on the beach, why not try something completely different?
213
On a trip to Iceland,
214
you and your family could first visit all the main attractions of Reykjavik on a special guided bus tour,
215
then take a traditional Icelandic trip on the back of a horse to the Blue Lagoon,
216
before flying off to the lovely snow -covered mountains of the Askia region.
217
A week with Travel the World costs £1 ,200 per adult for accommodation and return flights to Reykjavik and on to Askiya.
218
Rates for children are lower.
219
Exercise 17
220
You will hear a woman talking about a conference good morning
221
and welcome to our seminar on the toy industry
222
i'd like to start by saying a few words about what
223
you can expect from this seminar since some of the details
224
on the original plan have changed after the introduction by sally connor kenji nakamura will give a talk
225
that's from 10am to 11am.
226
He will tell you about the most recent developments in the toy industry in Japan and will show a short film.
227
This will be followed by half an hour of questions.
228
Then at 12 we'll have a break for lunch.
229
This will be a buffet meal served in Victoria Hall, which is on the opposite side of the building next to the library.
230
After lunch, we'll return here for Toys in Britain, Success and Failure.
231
This talk will be given by Robert Price, who, as you know, is the owner of a chain of over 200 toy shops in the UK.
232
The next talk, What's Next for Toys, will take place immediately after this at 3 .30.
233
This will be given by Sarah Smith, who is, of course, our sales manager.
234
Sarah's talk will finish at 5pm.
235
After that, tea and juice will be served in the green room, which is on the first floor.
236
Please join us there, as this will be a chance for everyone to chat and...
237
Exercise 18 Write one or two words, or a number, or a date, or a time.
238
You will hear a radio presenter talking about a sports festival.
239
Are you wondering what to do over the summer holidays?
240
The International Sports Festival starts on the 30th of June,
241
lasts for two weeks, and ends on the 13th of July with prize -giving and fireworks.
242
It's well worth attending.
243
Here's why.
244
The fun starts on day one with a huge event in Prospect Park.
245
Organisers will arrive early to set up, but the event for the public begins at 12pm and lasts all day until 6.
246
Throughout the day, many different clubs and companies will be giving free workshops,
247
workshops, which means you'll be able to try sports that you may never have tried before.
248
Some of the highlights at the opening event include skateboarding and breakdancing workshops.
249
You might also like to bring your bike and try some extreme cycling.
250
Before you start, an expert will check over your bike to make sure it's safe.
251
There will also be a bike race.
252
To find out more information about exact times of each workshop, look on our website.
253
You'll also be able to download a map which shows where everything will be in the park on the day.
254
For the remaining two weeks of the festival, you'll be able to enjoy further workshops and sessions in the area.
255
Locations and events include water sports at River Swimming Complex, track events at the Athletics Stadium,
256
and you can also take part in indoor team games at Central Leisure.
257
This festival is the first of its kind in our town, and I really recommend you see what it's all about.
258
This is the information line for the Dorset Chocolate Museum, the home of chocolate lovers and the ideal place to spend an afternoon.
259
Do you know who used cocoa beans as money in the 16th century, or where chocolate was drunk as a medicine?
260
At the Dorset Chocolate Museum you'll find out about all this and more.
261
Our fascinating displays will guide
262
you through the history of chocolate making from its earliest use in South America to the modern day.
263
Then, move on to the demonstration area of our small family -run factory.
264
Here you can watch our skilled chocolate makers making a variety of chocolate bars as well as other sweets,
265
and you can even have a try at making your own.
266
We open 7 days a week from 12 midday till 6pm, except in July and August when we are open until 8pm.
267
From September to December we are open weekends only.
268
We are closed throughout January but open again from the 1st of February.
269
Admission is £10 for adults and £5 for children up to the age of 16, while children under 5 are free.
270
Students pay £2 less, so that's £8, but only if they have a student ID card.
271
Special reduced entrance fees are available for groups of 10 or more people.
272
We can also make special arrangements for schools on weekdays between 12 and 4pm.
273
All groups will be provided with a private tour guide and at the end,
274
each member of the group will receive a bag of lovely handmade chocolates.
275
Our special range of chocolate boxes and bars is always available to buy in our gift shop.
276
For more details, phone the gift shop on 01632 960 054.
277
Exercise 20 You will hear a woman talking to a group of families about their holiday.
278
Good afternoon, families.
279
It's lovely to see you all at our wonderful resort.
280
You've certainly got some great weather for your holiday.
281
Now, in a moment, you'll be shown up to your rooms.
282
Then, in about an hour's time, at about one o 'clock, a light lunch will be served in the dining room.
283
The dining room is at the front of the hotel, next to the fitness centre.
284
For your information, breakfast is served between 7am and 9am,
285
lunch is from 12pm to 3pm and dinner is served in the evening between 8pm and 11pm.
286
Traditional music is played by local musicians twice a week during dinner.
287
Now a few words about activities.
288
There are family trips most mornings which you can join if you like.
289
These include visits to local places of interest, including the ruins and various monuments.
290
I'll give you more details about those later.
291
You can also visit an outdoor market where you'll be able to find souvenirs to take home.
292
That's only on Thursdays, so don't miss it.
293
In the afternoons, you can either walk to the beach, which is just five minutes away,
294
or you can relax by the hotel swimming pool.
295
That's it for now, I think.
296
I hope you like your rooms.
297
Please stay behind if you have any questions, otherwise I'll see you in the dining room in about an hour.
298
Thank you very much.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “MULTILEVEL MASTER LISTENING PART 2, (EXERCISE 11-20) WITH ANSWERS” เป็นสื่อ วิดีโอนี้มี 298 ประโยค และ 4014 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 29:31 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วสม่ำเสมอ ประมาณ 136 คำต่อนาที เหมาะกับการฝึกพูดตาม 90% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ คำศัพท์จึงตามได้ง่าย
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| workshop คำนาม | /ˈwɝk.ʃɑp/ | โรงงาน |
| exit คำนาม | /ˈɛɡzət/ | ทางออก |
| beginner คำนาม | /bəˈɡɪnɚ/ | มือใหม่ |
| photography คำนาม | /fəˈtɑ.ɡɹə.fi/ | การถ่ายภาพ |
| arrive คำกริยา | /əˈɹaɪv/ | มา, ถึง |
| relax คำกริยา | /ɹɪˈlæks/ | ผ่อนคลาย |
| lover คำนาม | /ˈlʌvɚ/ | คู่รัก, คนรัก |
| accommodation คำนาม | /əˌkɒm.əˈdeɪ.ʃən/ | ที่พัก |
| hungry คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/ | หิว, ท้องเลว |
| plain คำนาม | /pleɪn/ | ที่ราบ |
| poetry คำนาม | /ˈpoʊ.ə.tɹi/ | กวีนิพนธ์ |
| introduce คำกริยา | /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/ | แนะนำ |
| stranger คำนาม | /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | ฝรั่ง |
| destination คำนาม | /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/ | จุดหมาย, จุดหมายปลายทาง |
| climb คำกริยา | /ˈklaɪ̯m/ | ปีน, ขึ้น |
กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน
| คำศัพท์ | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| pick up คำกริยา | ยก, หยิบ |
| try out คำกริยา | ลอง |
ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ
ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:
- Come early and don't miss our offers.
- Don't bring too many household items with you.
- Unfortunately, I can't be here any earlier than that.
- So, let's begin now, shall we?
- Are you wondering what to do over the summer holidays?
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | was given · will be led · was born |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | has also organized · has organized · has sent |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | Center, which is · Hall, which is · room, which is |
| คำแนะนำด้วย “should” should + กริยา — บอกสิ่งที่ควรทำ | should aim · should call · should take |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 99 ครั้ง เช่น don't, you'll, you're ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: workshop /ˈwɝk.ʃɑp/, accommodation /əˌkɒm.əˈdeɪ.ʃən/, flash /flæʃ/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, organisation /ˈɔː.ɡə.naɪˌzeɪ.ʃən/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: photography /fəˈtɑ.ɡɹə.fi/, accommodation /əˌkɒm.əˈdeɪ.ʃən/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, organisation /ˈɔː.ɡə.naɪˌzeɪ.ʃən/, celebration /ˌsɛl.ɪˈbɹeɪ.ʃən/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: organize /ˈɔɹɡənaɪz/, arrive /əˈɹaɪv/, relax /ɹɪˈlæks/, flash /flæʃ/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: arrive /əˈɹaɪv/, lover /ˈlʌvɚ/, adventure /ədˈvɛn.t͡ʃə/, invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/, dive /daɪv/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: organize /ˈɔɹɡənaɪz/, exit /ˈɛɡzət/, presenter /pɹɪˈzɛntə(ɹ)/, organisation /ˈɔː.ɡə.naɪˌzeɪ.ʃən/, indoors /ɪnˈdɔɹz/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- พูดตามทีละประโยคด้วยความเร็วปกติ ทำซ้ำแต่ละประโยคจนจังหวะของคุณตรงกับผู้พูด
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง workshop, exit, beginner เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ