ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Why humans believe “everything happens for a reason” | Clay Routledge
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If you're a critic of religion or if you're someone who champions yourself as a strong believer in the power of rationality,
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you probably think supernatural thinking is bad.
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But I take the perspective that supernatural thinking is actually an important part of being a complete human being.
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From a scientific point of view, all we know is what we have in this life.
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But if we're open to supernatural possibilities, that allows us to at least explore or have hope that there's something about our existence,
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something about the human spirit that transcends the material.
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And when we are dealing with anxieties about mortality, when we're dealing with questions about purpose,
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when we're dealing with just trying to understand our place in a large universe,
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our minds naturally drift towards at least curiosities about the supernatural, if not outright belief.
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My name is Clay Rutledge.
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I'm an existential psychologist and I'm the director of the Human Flourishing Lab at the Archbridge Institute.
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Supernatural thinking is really any type of idea or concept that stands outside of our scientific understanding of the material world.
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The most common one that people are familiar with, of course, involves religion.
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People want to make sense out of their lives and their environment and seeking a connection with the divine is one way.
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But religion also has a very strong social component.
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And when people in a community or in a family or even in a broader group share a supernatural belief system,
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they have an invisible thread that helps connect them, that helps them feel like their social nature transcends the biological,
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transcends the material, and that in a way makes their connections even that much richer.
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But we're experiencing right now what many commentators refer to as the great decline when it comes to religion.
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People are becoming less traditionally religious, but if you look at the reasons people are religious,
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if you look at the nature of the human brain and the human mind, you'll find that the human quest for meaning,
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the human orientation towards the supernatural, towards the transcendent, hasn't disappeared just because religion has declined.
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So the question becomes, what are people doing with their spiritual nature?
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What are they seeking?
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What are they looking for?
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And how are they meeting their existential needs if they're not doing so through the traditional religious practices that they once were?
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You can see people engaging more in practices such as yoga, meditation, even martial arts, which by themselves aren't necessarily spiritual,
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but they're often infused with the spiritual quality that people feel like they're part of something bigger than themselves ideally something transcendent.
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And so in a lot of ways, supernatural beliefs are a form of psychological medicine,
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and that they help us deal with some of the difficulties in life
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and our need to grapple with the big existential questions.
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So humans believe things like everything happens for a reason because we're an existential species.
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We're a species that, in a lot of ways, is very goal-driven or very agentic.
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We plan our own lives, we pursue things that we want to pursue, and so when we make things happen we see purpose in it.
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And as a result we often just populate the world with that same type of thinking.
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We assume there's purpose everywhere and we we tend to exaggerate that sometimes.
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Teleological thinking is our attempt to impose design on experiences, events, or just anything we see in the world.
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So that would be something like the sun exists to keep us warm, which from a scientific point of view is considered an error,
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but from a non-scientific point of view, from a more psychological point of view, it seems to just be an aspect of the human condition
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that we like to see the world in terms of design and in terms of purpose.
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So lots of organisms are social.
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Other organisms are even potentially political, but humans are more sophisticated than that.
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We don't just look around us and try to fit in.
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We try to have significance.
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We want our lives to matter.
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There are at least three distinct cognitive capacities that make humans intellectually unique.
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One, we're very self-reflective.
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We spend a lot of time turning inward, thinking about the nature of our existence.
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In addition to that, we're able to mentally time travel.
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So when I think about myself, I don't just think about myself in the present, I think about myself in the future.
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I think about my goals, my hopes, and also my fears.
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And finally, we have a capacity for high-level abstract thought.
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In other words, we have imaginations.
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You know, landing a rover on Mars would have seemed like total fiction,
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and thanks to our imaginative capacities and our intellect we've been able to make that possible.
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So those three things have really contributed to our existential nature, our ability to seek a life of meaning and purpose.
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When we think of human cognition, we can think about two general categories.
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And of course, I'm oversimplifying a little bit, but you can break things down into rational versus intuitive cognitive processes.
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There's a metaphorical representation for this that we call heart versus head.
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Of course, all these processes are taking place within the brain,
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but these metaphors showcase that people understand that there's a difference between following your intuitions versus just following rational processes.
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So yes, rationality is important.
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When we're trying to solve problems, we need to approach it systematically using the scientific method, using logic.
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But part of what makes humans inspired to improve the world, to improve their own lives,
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to help others, to take on projects that advance civilization but they might not see complete in their own lifetime
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isn't rational thinking necessarily it's intuitive thinking
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and often it's supernatural thinking
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it's feeling like they have a reason to be here regardless
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of how people approach the question meaning the critical ingredient is
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that you feel like you're an agent of meaning and
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that is that you feel like you have the power within you to pursue a meaningful life.
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And it's when we're making meaning that we're often at our best, that we're often the most inspired, the most creative, the most generous,
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the most hopeful, the most optimistic, and the most willing to make sacrifices for others to advance society and to improve the world.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “Why humans believe “everything happens for a reason”” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: supernatural, thinking, existential, scientific, religion วิดีโอนี้มี 46 ประโยค และ 1077 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 6:52 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 157 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 83% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| supernatural คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/ | เหนือธรรมชาติ |
| necessarily คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ | /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/ | ต้อง |
| organism คำนาม | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | สิ่งมีชีวิต |
| anxiety คำนาม | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | ความวิตกกังวล |
| thread คำนาม | /ˈθɹɛd/ | ด้าย, เชือก |
| solve คำกริยา | /sɒlv/ | แก้, แก้ไข |
| connect คำกริยา | /kəˈnɛkt/ | เชื่อม, ต่อ |
| explore คำกริยา | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | สำรวจ |
| sacrifice คำนาม | /ˈsæk.ɹɪ.faɪs/ | ยัญ, เมธ |
| divine คำคุณศัพท์ | /dɪˈvaɪn/ | บัณฑิต, เหนือมนุษย์ |
| imagination คำนาม | /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/ | จินตนาการ |
| generous คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˈd͡ʒɛn(ə)ɹəs/ | ใจกว้าง, ใจสปอร์ต |
| yoga คำนาม | /ˈjoʊ.ɡə/ | โยคะ |
| significance คำนาม | /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/ | ความสำคัญ |
| abstract คำนาม | /ˈæbˌstɹækt/ | บทคัดย่อ |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 30 ครั้ง เช่น we're, I'm, they're ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, fiction /ˈfɪkʃən/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, representation /ˌɹɛp.ɹə.zɛnˈteɪ.ʃən/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: supernatural /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, psychological /ˌsaɪ.kəˈlɑː.d͡ʒɪ.kl̩/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, intuitive /ɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: supernatural /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/, belief /bɪˈliːf/, spiritual /ˈspɪɹɪt͡ʃuəl/, versus /ˈvɝsəs/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: versus /ˈvɝsəs/, cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, intuitive /ɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/, solve /sɒlv/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, representation /ˌɹɛp.ɹə.zɛnˈteɪ.ʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง supernatural, necessarily, organism เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ