跟读练习: TOEFL Listening Practice | Lecture | Arachnophobia - 通过视频学习英语口语
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1
Arachnophobia or fear of spiders, is one of the most common phobias around.
2
Yet the vast majority of spiders that we come across are completely harmless.
3
So where does this irrational fear come from?
4
A group of scientists think they may have the answer.
5
Joanna Taylor reports.
6
From a young age many people regard spiders with terror.
7
based on previous research psychologists had concluded that children pick up this fear by observing the behavior of their parents
8
When an adult shows fear or disgust at the sight of a spider, the child learns that this is the normal response.
9
A recent study, however, indicates that a special reaction to spiders could be something we're born with.
10
Cognitive psychologist Dr. Brian Anderson explains more about how the study was carried out.
11
Scientists at an American university set out to examine whether our fear of spiders is a genetic trait
12
that has been with us for centuries.
13
So, they carried out an experiment on a group of five -month -old infants.
14
During the experiment, The babies were shown a selection of images, including a picture of a spider.
15
What happened was that the babies looked at the spider picture, They fix their attention on it, for longer than on any of the other images.
16
7 to 8 seconds longer The experiment was repeated several times.
17
Sometimes replacing the spider image with one of a flower.
18
But it was always the spider picture that the babies looked at longest.
19
What this study shows is that, while we're not born with a fear of spiders exactly,
20
we instinctively look at them more carefully and at length more than at a flower, for example.
21
And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited because at 5 months old, we can't possibly know that spiders are considered ugly,
22
or that they're feared by many people.
23
But Dr. Anderson, how often do any of us actually encounter a poisonous spider?
24
Not often.
25
So why then do we have this built -in awareness?
26
Well, it can be explained by evolution.
27
Our early human ancestors lived in the tropical grasslands of Africa that are home to the most dangerous species of spider.
28
The problem with poisonous spiders is that by the time you've spotted them, They're usually close enough to pose a serious threat,
29
Unlike larger dangers or predators such as lions or elephants, that can be seen clearly from a distance.
30
So among our ancestors, those who are instinctively cautious of spiders, who had an arachnophobic gene, if you like.
31
would have been more likely to spot it quickly, Either run, or kill it, and thus survived.
32
and those that survived, according to evolutionary theory, passed on their genes to following generations.
33
So this particular gene has stayed with us to this day.
34
Incidentally, This theory also explains why women are three to four times more likely than men to fear spiders.
35
You see our female ancestors gathered plants and fruit while the men were out hunting.
36
so they would have encountered spiders more frequently.
37
This study has implications for all phobia research.
38
You see, similar studies may prove that other phobias are inherited too
39
and may also explain why our fears change as we get older for example
40
Why does a child fear darkness more than an adult?
41
Is it because a child lost in the African bush after dark would have been easy prey for animal predators?
42
Further study in this field may answer these questions and more.
43
Number one.
44
What did the original research on fear of spiders indicate?
45
Number 2 What did the study actually measure?
46
Number 3.
47
What was the main finding of the study?
48
Number four.
49
Why might arachnophobia be more common in women?
50
Number five.
51
What could further research in this area clarify?
52
Music.
53
Based on previous research, psychologists had concluded that children pick up this fear by observing the behavior of their parents.
54
Based on previous research, psychologists had concluded that children pick up this fear by observing the behavior of their parents.
55
When an adult shows fear or disgust at the sight of a spider, the child learns that this is the normal response.
56
What happened was that the babies looked at the spider picture, They fix their attention on it, for longer than on any of the other images.
57
7 to 8 seconds longer, What happened was that the babies looked at the spider picture,
58
They fix their attention on it, for longer than on any of the other images.
59
7 to 8 seconds longer,
60
And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited.
61
And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited because at 5 months old, we can't possibly know that spiders are considered ugly,
62
or that they're feared by many people.
63
See our female ancestors gathered plants and fruit while the men were out hunting.
64
so they would have encountered spiders more frequently.
65
You see our female ancestors gathered plants and fruit while the men were out hunting.
66
so they would have encountered spiders more frequently.
67
You see, similar studies may prove that other phobias are inherited too
68
and may also explain why our fears change as we get older.
69
You see, similar studies may prove that other phobias are inherited too
70
and may also explain why our fears change as we get older.
71
Music.
72
Arachnophobia, or fear of spiders, is one of the most common phobias around.
73
So where does this irrational fear come from?
74
From a young age, many people regard spiders with terror.
75
psychologists had concluded that children pick up this fear by observing the behavior of their parents.
76
When an adult shows fear or disgust at the sight of a spider, the child learns that this is the normal response.
77
A recent study, however, indicates that a special reaction to spiders could be something we're born with.
78
Scientists at an American university set out to examine whether our fear of spiders is a genetic trait
79
that has been with us for centuries.
80
And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited because it
81
But Dr. Anderson, how often do any of us actually encounter a poisonous spider?
82
The problem with poisonous spiders is that by the time you've spotted them, they're usually close enough to pose a serious threat.
83
Music.
84
Scientists at an American university set out to examine whether our fear of spiders is a genetic trait
85
that has been with us for centuries.
86
So, they carried out an experiment on a group of five -month -old infants.
87
During the experiment, The babies were shown a selection of images, including a picture of a spider,
88
What happened was that the babies looked at the spider picture, They fix their attention on it for longer than on any of the other images.
89
7 to 8 seconds longer,
90
Scientists at an American university set out to examine whether our fear of spiders is a genetic trait
91
that has been with us for centuries.
92
So, they carried out an experiment on a group of five -month -old infants.
93
During the experiment, The babies were shown a selection of images, including a picture of a spider.
94
What happened was that the babies looked at the spider picture, They fixed their attention on it, for longer than on any of the other images.
95
7 to 8 seconds longer, The experiment was repeated several times.
96
Sometimes replacing the spider image, with one of a flower.
97
But it was always the spider picture that the babies looked at longest.
98
What this study shows is that, while we're not born with a fear of spiders exactly,
99
we instinctively look at them more carefully and at length more than at a flower, for example.
100
And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited because at 5 months old,
101
we can't possibly know that spiders are considered ugly or that they're feared by many people.
102
The experiment was repeated several times.
103
Sometimes replacing the spider image, with one of a flower.
104
But it was always the spider picture that the babies looked at longest.
105
What this study shows is that, while we're not born with a fear of spiders exactly,
106
we instinctively look at them more carefully and at length more than at a flower, for example.
107
And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited because at 5 months old, we can't possibly know that spiders are considered ugly,
108
or that they're feared by many people.
109
So why then do we have this built -in awareness?
110
Well, it can be explained by evolution.
111
Our early human ancestors lived in the tropical grasslands of Africa that are home to the most dangerous species of spider.
112
The problem with poisonous spiders is that by the time you've spotted them, They're usually close enough to pose a serious threat.
113
unlike larger dangers or predators such as lions or elephants that can be seen clearly from a distance.
114
So among our ancestors, those who were instinctively cautious of spiders, who had an arachnophobic gene if you like,
115
would have been more likely to spot it quickly.
116
Either run, or kill it and thus survive.
117
So why then do we have this built -in awareness?
118
Well, it can be explained by evolution.
119
Our early human ancestors lived in the tropical grasslands of Africa that are home to the most dangerous species of spider.
120
The problem with poisonous spiders is that by the time you've spotted them, They're usually close enough to pose a serious threat.
121
Unlike larger dangers or predators such as lions or elephants, that can be seen clearly from a distance.
122
So among our ancestors, those who are instinctively cautious of spiders, who had an "arachnophobic gene" if you like.
123
would have been more likely to spot it quickly, either run, or kill it, and thus survive.
124
and those that survived, according to evolutionary theory, passed on their genes to following generations.
125
So this particular gene has stayed with us to this day.
126
Incidentally, This theory also explains why women are three to four times more likely than men to fear spiders.
127
You see our female ancestors gathered plants and fruit while the men were out hunting, so they would have encountered spiders more frequently.
128
and those that survived, according to evolutionary theory, passed on their genes to following generations.
129
So this particular gene has stayed with us to this day.
130
Incidentally, This theory also explains why women are three to four times more likely than men to fear spiders.
131
You see our female ancestors gathered plants and fruit while the men were out hunting.
132
so they would have encountered spiders more frequently.
133
Music
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背景与上下文
在这段视频中，关于“恐蜘蛛症”的讨论揭示了这种常见恐惧的起源和影响。心理学家通过研究表明，从小孩的观察中，他们可能会学习到对蜘蛛的恐惧。此外，科学家的实验结果还依赖于对婴儿对蜘蛛图像不同反应的分析。这些研究不仅为我们理解个体恐惧的根源提供了新的视角，还提示着我们如何可能遗传这种恐惧倾向。
日常交流的五个重要短语
- 害怕蜘蛛 (fear of spiders)
- 遗传特征 (genetic trait)
- 本能反应 (instinctive reaction)
- 演化理论 (evolutionary theory)
- 女性更常见 (more common in women)
逐步影子跟读指南
要有效提高英语发音和口语能力，可以通过“英语影子跟读”方法进行练习。这种方法允许学习者模仿视频中的发音与语调，以便更自然地掌握英语交流。以下是一些逐步指南：
- 选择视频片段：从相关视频中选择短段落，例如关于恐蜘蛛症的讨论，来集中练习。
- 先听后读：第一次观看时，注意发音与语调，理解内容，确保对话的语境清晰。
- 逐句跟读：在理解内容后，停顿后逐句模仿，利用shadow speak方法，增强记忆。
- 重复练习：反复进行这几个步骤，致力于提高流利度，并纠正发音。
- 运用新短语：将这些短语融入日常对话中，如课堂讨论或与朋友交流，可以有效增强口语能力。
通过这种方法，学习者能够独立提高自己的英语发音。结合“影子跟读”练习，学习者不仅能掌握如何表达恐惧，还能体会语言的文化背景，有效为雅思口语练习做准备。
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | has been · you've spotted · has stayed |
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | was carried · were shown · was repeated |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | those who are · those who were |
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。