ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: TOEFL Listening Practice | Lecture | Arachnophobia

Arachnophobia or fear of spiders, is one of the most common phobias around.

Yet the vast majority of spiders that we come across are completely harmless.

So where does this irrational fear come from?

A group of scientists think they may have the answer.

Joanna Taylor reports.

From a young age many people regard spiders with terror.

based on previous research psychologists had concluded that children pick up this fear by observing the behavior of their parents

When an adult shows fear or disgust at the sight of a spider, the child learns that this is the normal response.

A recent study, however, indicates that a special reaction to spiders could be something we're born with.

Cognitive psychologist Dr. Brian Anderson explains more about how the study was carried out.

Scientists at an American university set out to examine whether our fear of spiders is a genetic trait

that has been with us for centuries.

So, they carried out an experiment on a group of five -month -old infants.

During the experiment, The babies were shown a selection of images, including a picture of a spider.

What happened was that the babies looked at the spider picture, They fix their attention on it, for longer than on any of the other images.

7 to 8 seconds longer The experiment was repeated several times.

Sometimes replacing the spider image with one of a flower.

But it was always the spider picture that the babies looked at longest.

What this study shows is that, while we're not born with a fear of spiders exactly,

we instinctively look at them more carefully and at length more than at a flower, for example.

And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited because at 5 months old, we can't possibly know that spiders are considered ugly,

or that they're feared by many people.

But Dr. Anderson, how often do any of us actually encounter a poisonous spider?

Not often.

So why then do we have this built -in awareness?

Well, it can be explained by evolution.

Our early human ancestors lived in the tropical grasslands of Africa that are home to the most dangerous species of spider.

The problem with poisonous spiders is that by the time you've spotted them, They're usually close enough to pose a serious threat,

Unlike larger dangers or predators such as lions or elephants, that can be seen clearly from a distance.

So among our ancestors, those who are instinctively cautious of spiders, who had an arachnophobic gene, if you like.

would have been more likely to spot it quickly, Either run, or kill it, and thus survived.

and those that survived, according to evolutionary theory, passed on their genes to following generations.

So this particular gene has stayed with us to this day.

Incidentally, This theory also explains why women are three to four times more likely than men to fear spiders.

You see our female ancestors gathered plants and fruit while the men were out hunting.

so they would have encountered spiders more frequently.

This study has implications for all phobia research.

You see, similar studies may prove that other phobias are inherited too

and may also explain why our fears change as we get older for example

Why does a child fear darkness more than an adult?

Is it because a child lost in the African bush after dark would have been easy prey for animal predators?

Further study in this field may answer these questions and more.

Number one.

What did the original research on fear of spiders indicate?

Number 2 What did the study actually measure?

Number 3.

What was the main finding of the study?

Number four.

Why might arachnophobia be more common in women?

Number five.

What could further research in this area clarify?

Music.

Based on previous research, psychologists had concluded that children pick up this fear by observing the behavior of their parents.

When an adult shows fear or disgust at the sight of a spider, the child learns that this is the normal response.

What happened was that the babies looked at the spider picture, They fix their attention on it, for longer than on any of the other images.

7 to 8 seconds longer, What happened was that the babies looked at the spider picture,

They fix their attention on it, for longer than on any of the other images.

7 to 8 seconds longer,

And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited.

And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited because at 5 months old, we can't possibly know that spiders are considered ugly,

or that they're feared by many people.

See our female ancestors gathered plants and fruit while the men were out hunting.

so they would have encountered spiders more frequently.

You see our female ancestors gathered plants and fruit while the men were out hunting.

so they would have encountered spiders more frequently.

You see, similar studies may prove that other phobias are inherited too

and may also explain why our fears change as we get older.

You see, similar studies may prove that other phobias are inherited too

and may also explain why our fears change as we get older.

Music.

Arachnophobia, or fear of spiders, is one of the most common phobias around.

So where does this irrational fear come from?

From a young age, many people regard spiders with terror.

psychologists had concluded that children pick up this fear by observing the behavior of their parents.

When an adult shows fear or disgust at the sight of a spider, the child learns that this is the normal response.

A recent study, however, indicates that a special reaction to spiders could be something we're born with.

Scientists at an American university set out to examine whether our fear of spiders is a genetic trait

that has been with us for centuries.

And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited because it

But Dr. Anderson, how often do any of us actually encounter a poisonous spider?

The problem with poisonous spiders is that by the time you've spotted them, they're usually close enough to pose a serious threat.

Music.

Scientists at an American university set out to examine whether our fear of spiders is a genetic trait

that has been with us for centuries.

So, they carried out an experiment on a group of five -month -old infants.

During the experiment, The babies were shown a selection of images, including a picture of a spider,

What happened was that the babies looked at the spider picture, They fix their attention on it for longer than on any of the other images.

7 to 8 seconds longer,

Scientists at an American university set out to examine whether our fear of spiders is a genetic trait

that has been with us for centuries.

So, they carried out an experiment on a group of five -month -old infants.

During the experiment, The babies were shown a selection of images, including a picture of a spider.

What happened was that the babies looked at the spider picture, They fixed their attention on it, for longer than on any of the other images.

7 to 8 seconds longer, The experiment was repeated several times.

Sometimes replacing the spider image, with one of a flower.

But it was always the spider picture that the babies looked at longest.

What this study shows is that, while we're not born with a fear of spiders exactly,

we instinctively look at them more carefully and at length more than at a flower, for example.

100

And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited because at 5 months old,

101

we can't possibly know that spiders are considered ugly or that they're feared by many people.

102

The experiment was repeated several times.

103

Sometimes replacing the spider image, with one of a flower.

104

But it was always the spider picture that the babies looked at longest.

105

What this study shows is that, while we're not born with a fear of spiders exactly,

106

we instinctively look at them more carefully and at length more than at a flower, for example.

107

And so the findings indicate that this special awareness must be inherited because at 5 months old, we can't possibly know that spiders are considered ugly,

108

or that they're feared by many people.

109

So why then do we have this built -in awareness?

110

Well, it can be explained by evolution.

111

Our early human ancestors lived in the tropical grasslands of Africa that are home to the most dangerous species of spider.

112

The problem with poisonous spiders is that by the time you've spotted them, They're usually close enough to pose a serious threat.

113

unlike larger dangers or predators such as lions or elephants that can be seen clearly from a distance.

114

So among our ancestors, those who were instinctively cautious of spiders, who had an arachnophobic gene if you like,

115

would have been more likely to spot it quickly.

116

Either run, or kill it and thus survive.

117

So why then do we have this built -in awareness?

118

Well, it can be explained by evolution.

119

Our early human ancestors lived in the tropical grasslands of Africa that are home to the most dangerous species of spider.

120

The problem with poisonous spiders is that by the time you've spotted them, They're usually close enough to pose a serious threat.

121

Unlike larger dangers or predators such as lions or elephants, that can be seen clearly from a distance.

122

So among our ancestors, those who are instinctively cautious of spiders, who had an "arachnophobic gene" if you like.

123

would have been more likely to spot it quickly, either run, or kill it, and thus survive.

124

and those that survived, according to evolutionary theory, passed on their genes to following generations.

125

So this particular gene has stayed with us to this day.

126

Incidentally, This theory also explains why women are three to four times more likely than men to fear spiders.

127

You see our female ancestors gathered plants and fruit while the men were out hunting, so they would have encountered spiders more frequently.

128

and those that survived, according to evolutionary theory, passed on their genes to following generations.

129

So this particular gene has stayed with us to this day.

130

Incidentally, This theory also explains why women are three to four times more likely than men to fear spiders.

131

You see our female ancestors gathered plants and fruit while the men were out hunting.

132

so they would have encountered spiders more frequently.

133

Music

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เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?

Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

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