跟读练习: TOEFL Listening Lecture | Ecosystems - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Music Music Music Music Music
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Nature's ecosystems are delicate and the species that inhabit them are closely interrelated.
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While we can learn valuable lessons by studying natural processes, man's careless intervention can have negative consequences for the environment.
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Gary Jenkins reports.
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Macquarie Island is located about halfway between Australia and Antarctica.
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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Ecologist Dr. Stella Burnham is here to tell us about how this ecological disaster came about.
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To understand the scale of the disaster, we must first look at the history of Macquarie Island.
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It was discovered in 1810 when traders came on sailing ships to hunt seals there.
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When rodents on the ship started eating up the crew's food supplies, the sailors introduced cats as a predator.
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Unfortunately, they escaped the ships and reached the island.
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Later, with rodents eating the ship's supplies, rabbits were introduced and released onto the island by the sailors as an alternative food source for the crew.
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Over time, the rabbit population expanded dramatically.
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Eventually, they fell prey to the cats that helped to keep their numbers down, but not before causing significant damage to the island's plant life.
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Why?
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Because rabbits are herbivores.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
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scientists introduced nexomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
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As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
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and the island's vegetation recovered.
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The problem is, though, that species are interdependent, so as the rabbit population declined, cats looked for new prey,
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and this had major repercussions for the island's ecosystem.
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Yes, it did, because the cats began hunting the island's native birds that nest in the ground.
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Eventually, measures were taken to save the native species of birds.
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A cat eradication program began in 1985, and the last cat was killed in the year 2000.
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However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check,
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and now with its major predator the cat eliminated the rabbit population soared
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satellite images show that rabbits have reduced large areas of complex vegetation to short grazed lawns
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or bare ground by 2007 the threat to some protected valleys
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and slopes was serious our estimations indicate nearly 40 % of the island area has undergone a change.
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So you can see that invasive species, in this case the cat and the rabbit, consider major changes, including extinction.
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In extreme cases, there is ecosystem meltdown or total collapse.
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That's why we sometimes have to eliminate an alien species.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades the domino
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effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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When one species becomes abundant, it can eat another's food supply, feed on another species, plant or animal,
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or devastate local flora, which in turn affects more species in the chain.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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You see, removing the cat, for example, also adversely affected other ecosystems.
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The birds recovered, but the rabbit population soared, and then vegetation suffered.
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So the advantages gained by removing the invader may be lost because another species can thrive.
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On Macquarie Island, ecosystems have been destroyed, and years of conservation work to save its vegetation are threatened.
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So what do we learn from the events on Macquarie Island?
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Clearly human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference,
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so as to avoid repeating past mistakes that can cost millions of dollars to put right, if they can be corrected at all.
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Number 1.
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Why does Dr. Burnham discuss the case of Macquarie Island?
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Number 2.
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Why was myxomatosis introduced by scientists?
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Number 3.
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What was the effect of wiping out the cats?
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Number 4.
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Why is the removal of an alien species dangerous?
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Number 5.
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What do we learn from the research on Macquarie Island?
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
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scientists introduced myxomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
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As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
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and the island's vegetation recovered.
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However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check, and now, with its major predator,
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the cat, eliminated, the rabbit population soared.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades, the domino effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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Clearly, human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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you I'm sorry.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节口语课以视频“TOEFL Listening Lecture”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：rabbit, species, cat, island, ecosystem。 这段视频共有 77 个句子、853 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 10:50。 说话人语速较慢，每分钟约 79 个词，你有足够的时间模仿每一个音。 只有 76% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| rabbit 名词 | /ˈɹæbɪt/ | 兔子, 白兔 |
| ecosystem 名词 | /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/ | 生態系 /生态系, 生態系統 /生态系统 |
| introduce 动词 | /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/ | 介紹 /介绍, 紹介 /绍介 |
| vegetation 名词 | /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/ | 植被, 草木 |
| flora 名词 | /ˈflɔː.ɹə/ | 植物群 |
| recover 动词 | /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/ | 追回, 收复 |
| intervention 名词 | /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/ | 介入, 干預 |
| scientist 名词 | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | 科學家 /科学家 |
| eliminate 动词 | /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/ | 消滅 /消灭, 消除 |
| predator 名词 | /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/ | 掠食者, 天敵 /天敌 |
| arrival 名词 | /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/ | 到達 /到达, 到來 /到来 |
| disaster 名词 | /dɪˈzɑːs.təː/ | 災難 /灾难, 災害 /灾害 |
| comprehensive 形容词 | /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/ | 全面的, 綜合的 /综合的 |
| destruction 名词 | /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/ | 毀滅 /毁灭, 破壞 /破坏 |
| widespread 形容词 | /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/ | 廣泛 /广泛 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| eat up 动词 | 吃光 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | is located · was discovered · were introduced |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | have reduced · has undergone · have been destroyed |
需要注意的发音
- “th” 音: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, thrive /θɹajv/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, conservation /ˌkɑnsə(ɹ)ˈveɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, comprehensive /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/, recover /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, invasive /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: rabbit /ˈɹæbɪt/, introduce /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, invasive /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: flora /ˈflɔː.ɹə/, removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/, arrival /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/, careless /kɛɹ.ləs/, interrelated /ˌɪntəɹɪˈleɪtɪd/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 rabbit, ecosystem, introduce 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。