Pratique du Shadowing: TOEFL Listening Lecture | Ecosystems - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

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Music Music Music Music Music
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Nature's ecosystems are delicate and the species that inhabit them are closely interrelated.
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While we can learn valuable lessons by studying natural processes, man's careless intervention can have negative consequences for the environment.
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Gary Jenkins reports.
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Macquarie Island is located about halfway between Australia and Antarctica.
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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Ecologist Dr. Stella Burnham is here to tell us about how this ecological disaster came about.
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To understand the scale of the disaster, we must first look at the history of Macquarie Island.
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It was discovered in 1810 when traders came on sailing ships to hunt seals there.
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When rodents on the ship started eating up the crew's food supplies, the sailors introduced cats as a predator.
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Unfortunately, they escaped the ships and reached the island.
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Later, with rodents eating the ship's supplies, rabbits were introduced and released onto the island by the sailors as an alternative food source for the crew.
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Over time, the rabbit population expanded dramatically.
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Eventually, they fell prey to the cats that helped to keep their numbers down, but not before causing significant damage to the island's plant life.
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Why?
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Because rabbits are herbivores.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
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scientists introduced nexomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
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As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
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and the island's vegetation recovered.
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The problem is, though, that species are interdependent, so as the rabbit population declined, cats looked for new prey,
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and this had major repercussions for the island's ecosystem.
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Yes, it did, because the cats began hunting the island's native birds that nest in the ground.
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Eventually, measures were taken to save the native species of birds.
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A cat eradication program began in 1985, and the last cat was killed in the year 2000.
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However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check,
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and now with its major predator the cat eliminated the rabbit population soared
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satellite images show that rabbits have reduced large areas of complex vegetation to short grazed lawns
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or bare ground by 2007 the threat to some protected valleys
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and slopes was serious our estimations indicate nearly 40 % of the island area has undergone a change.
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So you can see that invasive species, in this case the cat and the rabbit, consider major changes, including extinction.
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In extreme cases, there is ecosystem meltdown or total collapse.
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That's why we sometimes have to eliminate an alien species.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades the domino
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effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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When one species becomes abundant, it can eat another's food supply, feed on another species, plant or animal,
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or devastate local flora, which in turn affects more species in the chain.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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You see, removing the cat, for example, also adversely affected other ecosystems.
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The birds recovered, but the rabbit population soared, and then vegetation suffered.
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So the advantages gained by removing the invader may be lost because another species can thrive.
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On Macquarie Island, ecosystems have been destroyed, and years of conservation work to save its vegetation are threatened.
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So what do we learn from the events on Macquarie Island?
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Clearly human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference,
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so as to avoid repeating past mistakes that can cost millions of dollars to put right, if they can be corrected at all.
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Number 1.
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Why does Dr. Burnham discuss the case of Macquarie Island?
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Number 2.
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Why was myxomatosis introduced by scientists?
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Number 3.
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What was the effect of wiping out the cats?
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Number 4.
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Why is the removal of an alien species dangerous?
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Number 5.
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What do we learn from the research on Macquarie Island?
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
63
scientists introduced myxomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
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As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
65
and the island's vegetation recovered.
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However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check, and now, with its major predator,
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the cat, eliminated, the rabbit population soared.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades, the domino effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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Clearly, human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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you I'm sorry.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.

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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon

Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « TOEFL Listening Lecture ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : rabbit, species, cat, island, ecosystem. Cette vidéo contient 77 phrases et 853 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 10:50. Le locuteur parle lentement, environ 79 mots par minute, ce qui laisse le temps d’imiter chaque son. Seuls 76 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.

Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo

15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :

MotPrononciationSens
rabbit nom/ˈɹæbɪt/lapin
ecosystem nom/ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/écosystème
introduce verbe/ˌɪntɹəˈdus/présenter
vegetation nom/ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/végétation
flora nom/ˈflɔː.ɹə/flore
removal nom/ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/enlèvement, élimination
recover verbe/ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/recouvrer
intervention nom/ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/intervention
scientist nom/ˈsaɪəntəst/scientifique, savant
eliminate verbe/ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/éliminer
predator nom/ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/prédateur
invasive adjectif/ɪnˈveɪsɪv/d'invasion
arrival nom/əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/arrivée
disaster nom/dɪˈzɑːs.təː/désastre, catastrophe
comprehensive adjectif/ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/complet, exhaustif

Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez

MotSens
eat up verbedévorer
wipe out verbeanéantir

La grammaire de cette vidéo

Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :

StructureDans la vidéo
Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le faitis located · was discovered · were introduced
Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenanthave reduced · has undergone · have been destroyed

Prononciation à surveiller

  • Les sons « th »: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, thrive /θɹajv/
  • Les sons « sh » et « zh »: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, conservation /ˌkɑnsə(ɹ)ˈveɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
  • Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, comprehensive /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/

Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :

  • /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: comprehensive /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/, halfway /ˌhæfˈweɪ/, uninhabited /ˌʌn.ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tɪd/, herbivore /ˈ(h)ɜːɹbɪvɔːɹ/, inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪt/
  • /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, ecological /ˌiːkəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkl̩/, ecologist /iːˈkɒləd͡ʒɪst/
  • /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: rabbit /ˈɹæbɪt/, introduce /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/, flora /ˈflɔː.ɹə/, removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/, recover /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/

Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo

  1. Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
  2. Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
  3. Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme rabbit, ecosystem, introduce.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

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