跟讀練習: TOEFL Listening Lecture | Ecosystems - 通過影片學習英語口語
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77 句
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Music Music Music Music Music
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Nature's ecosystems are delicate and the species that inhabit them are closely interrelated.
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While we can learn valuable lessons by studying natural processes, man's careless intervention can have negative consequences for the environment.
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Gary Jenkins reports.
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Macquarie Island is located about halfway between Australia and Antarctica.
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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Ecologist Dr. Stella Burnham is here to tell us about how this ecological disaster came about.
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To understand the scale of the disaster, we must first look at the history of Macquarie Island.
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It was discovered in 1810 when traders came on sailing ships to hunt seals there.
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When rodents on the ship started eating up the crew's food supplies, the sailors introduced cats as a predator.
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Unfortunately, they escaped the ships and reached the island.
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Later, with rodents eating the ship's supplies, rabbits were introduced and released onto the island by the sailors as an alternative food source for the crew.
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Over time, the rabbit population expanded dramatically.
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Eventually, they fell prey to the cats that helped to keep their numbers down, but not before causing significant damage to the island's plant life.
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Why?
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Because rabbits are herbivores.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
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scientists introduced nexomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
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As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
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and the island's vegetation recovered.
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The problem is, though, that species are interdependent, so as the rabbit population declined, cats looked for new prey,
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and this had major repercussions for the island's ecosystem.
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Yes, it did, because the cats began hunting the island's native birds that nest in the ground.
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Eventually, measures were taken to save the native species of birds.
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A cat eradication program began in 1985, and the last cat was killed in the year 2000.
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However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check,
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and now with its major predator the cat eliminated the rabbit population soared
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satellite images show that rabbits have reduced large areas of complex vegetation to short grazed lawns
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or bare ground by 2007 the threat to some protected valleys
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and slopes was serious our estimations indicate nearly 40 % of the island area has undergone a change.
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So you can see that invasive species, in this case the cat and the rabbit, consider major changes, including extinction.
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In extreme cases, there is ecosystem meltdown or total collapse.
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That's why we sometimes have to eliminate an alien species.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades the domino
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effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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When one species becomes abundant, it can eat another's food supply, feed on another species, plant or animal,
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or devastate local flora, which in turn affects more species in the chain.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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You see, removing the cat, for example, also adversely affected other ecosystems.
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The birds recovered, but the rabbit population soared, and then vegetation suffered.
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So the advantages gained by removing the invader may be lost because another species can thrive.
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On Macquarie Island, ecosystems have been destroyed, and years of conservation work to save its vegetation are threatened.
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So what do we learn from the events on Macquarie Island?
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Clearly human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference,
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so as to avoid repeating past mistakes that can cost millions of dollars to put right, if they can be corrected at all.
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Number 1.
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Why does Dr. Burnham discuss the case of Macquarie Island?
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Number 2.
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Why was myxomatosis introduced by scientists?
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Number 3.
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What was the effect of wiping out the cats?
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Number 4.
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Why is the removal of an alien species dangerous?
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Number 5.
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What do we learn from the research on Macquarie Island?
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
63
scientists introduced myxomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
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As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
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and the island's vegetation recovered.
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However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check, and now, with its major predator,
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the cat, eliminated, the rabbit population soared.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades, the domino effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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Clearly, human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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you I'm sorry.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節口語課以影片“TOEFL Listening Lecture”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：rabbit, species, cat, island, ecosystem。 這段影片共有 77 個句子、853 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 10:50。 說話人語速較慢，每分鐘約 79 個詞，你有足夠的時間模仿每一個音。 只有 76% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| rabbit 名詞 | /ˈɹæbɪt/ | 兔子, 白兔 |
| ecosystem 名詞 | /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/ | 生態系 /生態系, 生態系統 /生態系統 |
| introduce 動詞 | /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/ | 介紹 /介紹, 紹介 /紹介 |
| vegetation 名詞 | /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/ | 植被, 草木 |
| flora 名詞 | /ˈflɔː.ɹə/ | 植物群 |
| recover 動詞 | /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/ | 追回, 收復 |
| intervention 名詞 | /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/ | 介入, 幹預 |
| scientist 名詞 | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | 科學家 /科學家 |
| eliminate 動詞 | /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/ | 消滅 /消滅, 消除 |
| predator 名詞 | /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/ | 掠食者, 天敵 /天敵 |
| arrival 名詞 | /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/ | 到達 /到達, 到來 /到來 |
| disaster 名詞 | /dɪˈzɑːs.təː/ | 災難 /災難, 災害 /災害 |
| comprehensive 形容詞 | /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/ | 全面的, 綜合的 /綜合的 |
| destruction 名詞 | /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/ | 毀滅 /毀滅, 破壞 /破壞 |
| widespread 形容詞 | /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/ | 廣泛 /廣泛 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 釋義 |
|---|---|
| eat up 動詞 | 吃光 |
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | is located · was discovered · were introduced |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | have reduced · has undergone · have been destroyed |
需要注意的發音
- “th” 音: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, thrive /θɹajv/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, conservation /ˌkɑnsə(ɹ)ˈveɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, comprehensive /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/, recover /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, invasive /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: rabbit /ˈɹæbɪt/, introduce /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, invasive /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: flora /ˈflɔː.ɹə/, removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/, arrival /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/, careless /kɛɹ.ləs/, interrelated /ˌɪntəɹɪˈleɪtɪd/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 rabbit, ecosystem, introduce 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。