シャドーイング練習: TOEFL Listening Lecture | Ecosystems - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Music Music Music Music Music
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Nature's ecosystems are delicate and the species that inhabit them are closely interrelated.
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While we can learn valuable lessons by studying natural processes, man's careless intervention can have negative consequences for the environment.
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Gary Jenkins reports.
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Macquarie Island is located about halfway between Australia and Antarctica.
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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Ecologist Dr. Stella Burnham is here to tell us about how this ecological disaster came about.
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To understand the scale of the disaster, we must first look at the history of Macquarie Island.
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It was discovered in 1810 when traders came on sailing ships to hunt seals there.
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When rodents on the ship started eating up the crew's food supplies, the sailors introduced cats as a predator.
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Unfortunately, they escaped the ships and reached the island.
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Later, with rodents eating the ship's supplies, rabbits were introduced and released onto the island by the sailors as an alternative food source for the crew.
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Over time, the rabbit population expanded dramatically.
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Eventually, they fell prey to the cats that helped to keep their numbers down, but not before causing significant damage to the island's plant life.
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Why?
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Because rabbits are herbivores.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
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scientists introduced nexomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
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As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
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and the island's vegetation recovered.
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The problem is, though, that species are interdependent, so as the rabbit population declined, cats looked for new prey,
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and this had major repercussions for the island's ecosystem.
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Yes, it did, because the cats began hunting the island's native birds that nest in the ground.
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Eventually, measures were taken to save the native species of birds.
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A cat eradication program began in 1985, and the last cat was killed in the year 2000.
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However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check,
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and now with its major predator the cat eliminated the rabbit population soared
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satellite images show that rabbits have reduced large areas of complex vegetation to short grazed lawns
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or bare ground by 2007 the threat to some protected valleys
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and slopes was serious our estimations indicate nearly 40 % of the island area has undergone a change.
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So you can see that invasive species, in this case the cat and the rabbit, consider major changes, including extinction.
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In extreme cases, there is ecosystem meltdown or total collapse.
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That's why we sometimes have to eliminate an alien species.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades the domino
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effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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When one species becomes abundant, it can eat another's food supply, feed on another species, plant or animal,
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or devastate local flora, which in turn affects more species in the chain.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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You see, removing the cat, for example, also adversely affected other ecosystems.
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The birds recovered, but the rabbit population soared, and then vegetation suffered.
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So the advantages gained by removing the invader may be lost because another species can thrive.
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On Macquarie Island, ecosystems have been destroyed, and years of conservation work to save its vegetation are threatened.
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So what do we learn from the events on Macquarie Island?
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Clearly human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference,
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so as to avoid repeating past mistakes that can cost millions of dollars to put right, if they can be corrected at all.
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Number 1.
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Why does Dr. Burnham discuss the case of Macquarie Island?
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Number 2.
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Why was myxomatosis introduced by scientists?
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Number 3.
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What was the effect of wiping out the cats?
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Number 4.
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Why is the removal of an alien species dangerous?
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Number 5.
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What do we learn from the research on Macquarie Island?
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
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scientists introduced myxomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
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As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
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and the island's vegetation recovered.
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However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check, and now, with its major predator,
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the cat, eliminated, the rabbit population soared.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades, the domino effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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Clearly, human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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you I'm sorry.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「TOEFL Listening Lecture」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：rabbit, species, cat, island, ecosystem。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が77文、単語が853語あります。 音声の長さは10:50です。 話す速さはゆっくりで、1分あたり約79語です。一つ一つの音をまねる余裕があります。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は76%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語発音意味
rabbit 名詞/ˈɹæbɪt/兎, ウサギ
ecosystem 名詞/ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/生態系
introduce 動詞/ˌɪntɹəˈdus/紹介する, 引き合わせる
vegetation 名詞/ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/草木, 植生
flora 名詞/ˈflɔː.ɹə/植物相
removal 名詞/ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/排除, 除去
intervention 名詞/ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/介入
scientist 名詞/ˈsaɪəntəst/科学者
eliminate 動詞/ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/除去する
predator 名詞/ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/天敵
arrival 名詞/əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/到着, 到達
disaster 名詞/dɪˈzɑːs.təː/災害, 天災
comprehensive 形容詞/ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/包括的な
destruction 名詞/dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/破壊, 破棄
fatal 形容詞/ˈfeɪ.təl/致死の, 命取りの

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語意味
eat up 動詞平らげる
wipe out 動詞一掃する

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てるis located · was discovered · were introduced
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係しているhave reduced · has undergone · have been destroyed

注意したい発音

  • 「th」の音: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, thrive /θɹajv/
  • 「sh」と「zh」の音: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, conservation /ˌkɑnsə(ɹ)ˈveɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
  • 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, comprehensive /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

  • /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: flora /ˈflɔː.ɹə/, removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/, arrival /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/, careless /kɛɹ.ləs/, interrelated /ˌɪntəɹɪˈleɪtɪd/
  • /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/, recover /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, invasive /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/
  • /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: flora /ˈflɔː.ɹə/, fatal /ˈfeɪ.təl/, interference /ˌɪntəɹˈfɪɹɪns/, fauna /ˈfɔːnə/, suffer /ˈsʌfɚ/

この動画での練習方法

  1. まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
  2. 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
  3. 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。rabbit, ecosystem, introduceなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →