Shadowing Practice: TOEFL Listening Lecture | Ecosystems - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Nature's ecosystems are delicate and the species that inhabit them are closely interrelated.
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While we can learn valuable lessons by studying natural processes, man's careless intervention can have negative consequences for the environment.
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Gary Jenkins reports.
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Macquarie Island is located about halfway between Australia and Antarctica.
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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Ecologist Dr. Stella Burnham is here to tell us about how this ecological disaster came about.
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To understand the scale of the disaster, we must first look at the history of Macquarie Island.
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It was discovered in 1810 when traders came on sailing ships to hunt seals there.
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When rodents on the ship started eating up the crew's food supplies, the sailors introduced cats as a predator.
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Unfortunately, they escaped the ships and reached the island.
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Later, with rodents eating the ship's supplies, rabbits were introduced and released onto the island by the sailors as an alternative food source for the crew.
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Over time, the rabbit population expanded dramatically.
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Eventually, they fell prey to the cats that helped to keep their numbers down, but not before causing significant damage to the island's plant life.
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Why?
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Because rabbits are herbivores.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
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scientists introduced nexomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
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As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
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and the island's vegetation recovered.
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The problem is, though, that species are interdependent, so as the rabbit population declined, cats looked for new prey,
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and this had major repercussions for the island's ecosystem.
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Yes, it did, because the cats began hunting the island's native birds that nest in the ground.
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Eventually, measures were taken to save the native species of birds.
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A cat eradication program began in 1985, and the last cat was killed in the year 2000.
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However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check,
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and now with its major predator the cat eliminated the rabbit population soared
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satellite images show that rabbits have reduced large areas of complex vegetation to short grazed lawns
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or bare ground by 2007 the threat to some protected valleys
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and slopes was serious our estimations indicate nearly 40 % of the island area has undergone a change.
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So you can see that invasive species, in this case the cat and the rabbit, consider major changes, including extinction.
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In extreme cases, there is ecosystem meltdown or total collapse.
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That's why we sometimes have to eliminate an alien species.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades the domino
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effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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When one species becomes abundant, it can eat another's food supply, feed on another species, plant or animal,
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or devastate local flora, which in turn affects more species in the chain.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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You see, removing the cat, for example, also adversely affected other ecosystems.
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The birds recovered, but the rabbit population soared, and then vegetation suffered.
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So the advantages gained by removing the invader may be lost because another species can thrive.
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On Macquarie Island, ecosystems have been destroyed, and years of conservation work to save its vegetation are threatened.
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So what do we learn from the events on Macquarie Island?
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Clearly human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference,
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so as to avoid repeating past mistakes that can cost millions of dollars to put right, if they can be corrected at all.
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Number 1.
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Why does Dr. Burnham discuss the case of Macquarie Island?
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Number 2.
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Why was myxomatosis introduced by scientists?
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Number 3.
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What was the effect of wiping out the cats?
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Number 4.
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Why is the removal of an alien species dangerous?
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Number 5.
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What do we learn from the research on Macquarie Island?
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
63
scientists introduced myxomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
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As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
65
and the island's vegetation recovered.
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However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check, and now, with its major predator,
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the cat, eliminated, the rabbit population soared.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades, the domino effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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Clearly, human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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you I'm sorry.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.

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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları

Bu konuşma dersi “TOEFL Listening Lecture” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: rabbit, species, cat, island, ecosystem. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 77 cümle ve 853 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 10:50 sürüyor. Konuşmacı yavaş konuşuyor, dakikada yaklaşık 79 kelime; her sesi taklit etmek için zamanınız var. Kelimelerin yalnızca %76’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.

Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler

Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:

KelimeTelaffuzAnlam
rabbit isim/ˈɹæbɪt/ada tavşanı, tavşan
ecosystem isim/ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/ekosistem
introduce fiil/ˌɪntɹəˈdus/tanıştırmak
vegetation isim/ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/vejetasyon, bitki örtüsü
intervention isim/ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/müdahale
scientist isim/ˈsaɪəntəst/âlim, âlime
eliminate fiil/ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/temizlemek
predator isim/ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/yırtıcı
arrival isim/əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/varış, geliş
disaster isim/dɪˈzɑːs.təː/afet, felaket
comprehensive sıfat/ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/şamil, kapsayici
destruction isim/dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/izmihlal, harap etme
widespread sıfat/ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/yaygın
fatal sıfat/ˈfeɪ.təl/ölümcül
evaluate fiil/ɪˈvaljʊeɪt/değerlendirmek

Bu videodaki dil bilgisi

Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:

YapıVideoda
Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemliis located · was discovered · were introduced
Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylemhave reduced · has undergone · have been destroyed

Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar

  • “th” sesleri: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, thrive /θɹajv/
  • “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, conservation /ˌkɑnsə(ɹ)ˈveɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
  • Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, comprehensive /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/

Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:

  • /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: widespread /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, halfway /ˌhæfˈweɪ/, wipe /waɪp/
  • Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: flora /ˈflɔː.ɹə/, predator /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/, prey /pɹeɪ/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, slope /sloʊp/
  • /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: rabbit /ˈɹæbɪt/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, satellite /ˈsætəlaɪ̯t/, collapse /kəˈlæps/, halfway /ˌhæfˈweɪ/

Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır

  1. Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
  2. Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
  3. Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; rabbit, ecosystem, introduce gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.

Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?

Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.

Shadowing tekniği: adım adım eksiksiz rehberi okuyun →