쉐도잉 연습: TOEFL Listening Lecture | Ecosystems - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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Nature's ecosystems are delicate and the species that inhabit them are closely interrelated.

While we can learn valuable lessons by studying natural processes, man's careless intervention can have negative consequences for the environment.

Gary Jenkins reports.

Macquarie Island is located about halfway between Australia and Antarctica.

It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.

But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated

World Heritage Site.

Ecologist Dr. Stella Burnham is here to tell us about how this ecological disaster came about.

To understand the scale of the disaster, we must first look at the history of Macquarie Island.

It was discovered in 1810 when traders came on sailing ships to hunt seals there.

When rodents on the ship started eating up the crew's food supplies, the sailors introduced cats as a predator.

Unfortunately, they escaped the ships and reached the island.

Later, with rodents eating the ship's supplies, rabbits were introduced and released onto the island by the sailors as an alternative food source for the crew.

Over time, the rabbit population expanded dramatically.

Eventually, they fell prey to the cats that helped to keep their numbers down, but not before causing significant damage to the island's plant life.

Why?

Because rabbits are herbivores.

In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,

scientists introduced nexomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.

As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,

and the island's vegetation recovered.

The problem is, though, that species are interdependent, so as the rabbit population declined, cats looked for new prey,

and this had major repercussions for the island's ecosystem.

Yes, it did, because the cats began hunting the island's native birds that nest in the ground.

Eventually, measures were taken to save the native species of birds.

A cat eradication program began in 1985, and the last cat was killed in the year 2000.

However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check,

and now with its major predator the cat eliminated the rabbit population soared

satellite images show that rabbits have reduced large areas of complex vegetation to short grazed lawns

or bare ground by 2007 the threat to some protected valleys

and slopes was serious our estimations indicate nearly 40 % of the island area has undergone a change.

So you can see that invasive species, in this case the cat and the rabbit, consider major changes, including extinction.

In extreme cases, there is ecosystem meltdown or total collapse.

That's why we sometimes have to eliminate an alien species.

What happened here is an example of trophic cascades the domino

effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.

When one species becomes abundant, it can eat another's food supply, feed on another species, plant or animal,

or devastate local flora, which in turn affects more species in the chain.

Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.

You see, removing the cat, for example, also adversely affected other ecosystems.

The birds recovered, but the rabbit population soared, and then vegetation suffered.

So the advantages gained by removing the invader may be lost because another species can thrive.

On Macquarie Island, ecosystems have been destroyed, and years of conservation work to save its vegetation are threatened.

So what do we learn from the events on Macquarie Island?

Clearly human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.

This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference,

so as to avoid repeating past mistakes that can cost millions of dollars to put right, if they can be corrected at all.

Number 1.

Why does Dr. Burnham discuss the case of Macquarie Island?

Number 2.

Why was myxomatosis introduced by scientists?

Number 3.

What was the effect of wiping out the cats?

Number 4.

Why is the removal of an alien species dangerous?

Number 5.

What do we learn from the research on Macquarie Island?

It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.

But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated

World Heritage Site.

In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,

scientists introduced myxomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.

As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,

and the island's vegetation recovered.

However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check, and now, with its major predator,

the cat, eliminated, the rabbit population soared.

What happened here is an example of trophic cascades, the domino effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.

Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.

Clearly, human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.

This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference.

Thank you.

you I'm sorry.

Thank you.

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FOR YOU

이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “TOEFL Listening Lecture”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: rabbit, species, cat, island, ecosystem. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 77개와 단어 853개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 10:50입니다. 화자는 분당 약 79단어로 천천히 말해서 소리 하나하나를 따라 하기에 여유가 있습니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 76%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
rabbit 명사	/ˈɹæbɪt/	토끼
ecosystem 명사	/ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/	생태계
introduce 동사	/ˌɪntɹəˈdus/	소개(紹介)하다
vegetation 명사	/ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/	식생, 초목
intervention 명사	/ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/	개입
scientist 명사	/ˈsaɪəntəst/	과학자
eliminate 동사	/ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/	제거하다
predator 명사	/ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/	천적
arrival 명사	/əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/	도착, 도달
disaster 명사	/dɪˈzɑːs.təː/	재난, 재앙
comprehensive 형용사	/ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/	포괄적인
destruction 명사	/dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/	파괴, 멸망
evaluate 동사	/ɪˈvaljʊeɪt/	평가하다
interference 명사	/ˌɪntəɹˈfɪɹɪns/	간섭
prey 명사	/pɹeɪ/	먹이, 포획물

영상에 나오는 구동사

단어	뜻
wipe out 동사	무찌르다

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	is located · was discovered · were introduced
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	have reduced · has undergone · have been destroyed

주의할 발음

“th” 소리: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, thrive /θɹajv/
“sh”와 “zh” 소리: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, conservation /ˌkɑnsə(ɹ)ˈveɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, comprehensive /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: flora /ˈflɔː.ɹə/, fatal /ˈfeɪ.təl/, interference /ˌɪntəɹˈfɪɹɪns/, fauna /ˈfɔːnə/, suffer /ˈsʌfɚ/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/, recover /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, invasive /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: disaster /dɪˈzɑːs.təː/, designate /ˈdɛz.ɪɡ.neɪt/, graze /ɡɹeɪz/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
보통 속도로 한 문장씩 섀도잉하고, 화자의 리듬과 맞을 때까지 반복합니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, rabbit, ecosystem, introduce 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉 연습: TOEFL Listening Lecture | Ecosystems - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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