Pratica di Shadowing: TOEFL Listening Lecture | Ecosystems - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Music Music Music Music Music
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Nature's ecosystems are delicate and the species that inhabit them are closely interrelated.
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While we can learn valuable lessons by studying natural processes, man's careless intervention can have negative consequences for the environment.
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Gary Jenkins reports.
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Macquarie Island is located about halfway between Australia and Antarctica.
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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Ecologist Dr. Stella Burnham is here to tell us about how this ecological disaster came about.
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To understand the scale of the disaster, we must first look at the history of Macquarie Island.
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It was discovered in 1810 when traders came on sailing ships to hunt seals there.
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When rodents on the ship started eating up the crew's food supplies, the sailors introduced cats as a predator.
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Unfortunately, they escaped the ships and reached the island.
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Later, with rodents eating the ship's supplies, rabbits were introduced and released onto the island by the sailors as an alternative food source for the crew.
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Over time, the rabbit population expanded dramatically.
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Eventually, they fell prey to the cats that helped to keep their numbers down, but not before causing significant damage to the island's plant life.
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Why?
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Because rabbits are herbivores.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
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scientists introduced nexomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
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As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
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and the island's vegetation recovered.
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The problem is, though, that species are interdependent, so as the rabbit population declined, cats looked for new prey,
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and this had major repercussions for the island's ecosystem.
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Yes, it did, because the cats began hunting the island's native birds that nest in the ground.
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Eventually, measures were taken to save the native species of birds.
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A cat eradication program began in 1985, and the last cat was killed in the year 2000.
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However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check,
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and now with its major predator the cat eliminated the rabbit population soared
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satellite images show that rabbits have reduced large areas of complex vegetation to short grazed lawns
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or bare ground by 2007 the threat to some protected valleys
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and slopes was serious our estimations indicate nearly 40 % of the island area has undergone a change.
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So you can see that invasive species, in this case the cat and the rabbit, consider major changes, including extinction.
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In extreme cases, there is ecosystem meltdown or total collapse.
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That's why we sometimes have to eliminate an alien species.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades the domino
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effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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When one species becomes abundant, it can eat another's food supply, feed on another species, plant or animal,
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or devastate local flora, which in turn affects more species in the chain.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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You see, removing the cat, for example, also adversely affected other ecosystems.
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The birds recovered, but the rabbit population soared, and then vegetation suffered.
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So the advantages gained by removing the invader may be lost because another species can thrive.
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On Macquarie Island, ecosystems have been destroyed, and years of conservation work to save its vegetation are threatened.
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So what do we learn from the events on Macquarie Island?
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Clearly human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference,
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so as to avoid repeating past mistakes that can cost millions of dollars to put right, if they can be corrected at all.
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Number 1.
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Why does Dr. Burnham discuss the case of Macquarie Island?
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Number 2.
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Why was myxomatosis introduced by scientists?
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Number 3.
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What was the effect of wiping out the cats?
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Number 4.
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Why is the removal of an alien species dangerous?
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Number 5.
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What do we learn from the research on Macquarie Island?
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It was once an uninhabited island with a unique ecosystem.
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But the arrival of Europeans resulted in widespread destruction to the flora and fauna of this designated
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World Heritage Site.
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In 1968, as a means of protecting the island's remaining flora,
63
scientists introduced myxomatosis, a disease fatal to rabbits.
64
As a result, the rabbit population plummeted from 130 ,000 in 1978 to less than 20 ,000 within a decade,
65
and the island's vegetation recovered.
66
However, myxomatosis had failed to keep the numbers of rabbits in check, and now, with its major predator,
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the cat, eliminated, the rabbit population soared.
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What happened here is an example of trophic cascades, the domino effect on the food chain caused by changes in the numbers of species.
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Our studies show there is also a link between trophic cascades and the removal of an invasive species.
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Clearly, human intervention in ecosystems must be viable and comprehensive.
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This implies that we must evaluate not only the benefits, but also the potential risks of human interference.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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you I'm sorry.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “TOEFL Listening Lecture”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: rabbit, species, cat, island, ecosystem. Questo video contiene 77 frasi e 853 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 10:50. Chi parla lo fa lentamente, circa 79 parole al minuto, quindi c’è tempo per imitare ogni suono. Solo il 76% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| rabbit sostantivo | /ˈɹæbɪt/ | coniglio |
| ecosystem sostantivo | /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/ | ecosistema |
| introduce verbo | /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/ | presentare |
| vegetation sostantivo | /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/ | vegetazione |
| flora sostantivo | /ˈflɔː.ɹə/ | flora |
| removal sostantivo | /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/ | estirpazione, asportazione |
| recover verbo | /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/ | ritrovare |
| intervention sostantivo | /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/ | intervento |
| scientist sostantivo | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | scienziato, scienziata |
| eliminate verbo | /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/ | eliminare |
| predator sostantivo | /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/ | predatore |
| invasive aggettivo | /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/ | di invasione |
| arrival sostantivo | /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/ | arrivo |
| disaster sostantivo | /dɪˈzɑːs.təː/ | disastro |
| comprehensive aggettivo | /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/ | esaustivo, completo |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| wipe out verbo | obliterare, spazzare via |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is located · was discovered · were introduced |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | have reduced · has undergone · have been destroyed |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
- I suoni “th”: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, thrive /θɹajv/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, conservation /ˌkɑnsə(ɹ)ˈveɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, comprehensive /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: comprehensive /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/, halfway /ˌhæfˈweɪ/, uninhabited /ˌʌn.ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tɪd/, herbivore /ˈ(h)ɜːɹbɪvɔːɹ/, inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪt/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: rabbit /ˈɹæbɪt/, introduce /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, invasive /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: rabbit /ˈɹæbɪt/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, satellite /ˈsætəlaɪ̯t/, collapse /kəˈlæps/, halfway /ˌhæfˈweɪ/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come rabbit, ecosystem, introduce.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.