تدريب Shadowing: Does Being Cold Make You Sick? - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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Winter is coming - and we've all been told to put on a jacket outside, or you'll catch a cold! Of course, the common response of today has become 'Don't be silly, being cold can't give you a cold'. Or can it? Who wins in this battle of the beliefs?
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The correlation between cold weather and sickness does stand out. Between 5-20% of Americans catch a cold or flu every year around late fall and winter. Not to mention, it's called a cold. But there are some important things to consider. First and foremost: colds and the flu are caused by viruses. if there aren't any around, you won't catch a cold - no matter how cold you get. It's as simple as that.
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So why the correlation with decreasing temperatures? Well for one, people tend to stay indoors much more often during the winter, which in turn, puts them in contact with more people.
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More people, means more exposure opportunities for the pathogens to spread. On top of this, humidity plays a role in the spread of some viruses. As the humidity decreases in the winter, not only does the virus spread more readily, but the mucus in your nose dries out. Mucus would otherwise act as a protective barrier to pathogens. Finnaly, the lack of Vitamin D which we get from the sun, can affect our immune system adversely.
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Both being inside more often, and the fact that winter has shorter days makes this a big factor for your health.
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So you've proven your parents wrong... right? Not so fast!
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While some past studies have shown no correlation to temperature, recent evidence suggest otherwise.
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One study which put test subjects feet into ice water found that they were, indeed, more likely to develop common cold symptoms in the following days, than those who didn't.
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The developing hypothesis behind these results is that the cold temperatures cause blood vessel constriction, which slows the white blood cells from reaching the virus, ultimately inhibiting the immune response. Cortisol levels, which pressures the immune system, are also increased with temperature induced stress. Furthermore, studies on both mice and human airway cells found that immune reaction to the common cold virus, in fact, temperature dependent. Warm infected cells are more likely to undergo programmed cell death, to limit the spread of infection.
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Finally, studies of the virus itself have revealed a secret weapon of sorts. In winter temperature, the virus's outer layer or envelope becomes much harder and acts like a shield.
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This allows it to spread from person to person much more easily. But at warm temperatures, this layer is more of a gel, which is not quite tough enough to protect the virus against the elements. As a result, its spreading ability is compromised.
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So, maybe your parents weren't so wrong after all. A happy compromise of going outside more often, bundled up, is likely to get you through the winter unscathed.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 15 جملة و572 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 2:43. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة، نحو 210 كلمة في الدقيقة، لذا ستسمع كثيرًا من وصل الكلمات واختزال الأصوات. 81% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| virus اسم | /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/ | ڤِيرُوس, فِيرُوس |
| immune صفة | /ɪˈmjuːn/ | مَنِيع |
| correlation اسم | /ˌkɔɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/ | اِرْتِبَاط |
| layer اسم | /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ | طَبَقَة |
| compromise اسم | /ˈkɑmpɹəˌmaɪz/ | حَل وَسَط, تَسْوِيَة |
| humidity اسم | /hjuːˈmɪd.ə.ti/ | رُطُوبَة |
| belief اسم | /bɪˈliːf/ | اِعْتِقَاد |
| element اسم | /ˈɛləmənt/ | عُنْصُر |
| reveal فعل | /ɹɪˈviːl/ | كَشَفَ |
| silly صفة | /ˈsɪl.i/ | سَخِيف |
| infection اسم | /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/ | عَدَوَى |
| jacket اسم | /ˈd͡ʒæk.ɪt/ | جَاكِيت, جَاكِت |
| mouse اسم | /maʊs/ | فَأْرَة, فَأْر |
| shield اسم | /ˈʃild/ | مِجَنّ, تُرْس |
| dependent صفة | /dɪˈpɛndənt/ | مُتَوَقِّفْ, مُعْتَمِدْ |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 11 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل we've, aren't, can't. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “th”: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, unscathed /ʌnˈskeɪðd/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: correlation /ˌkɔɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/, exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, shield /ˈʃild/, constriction /kənˈstɹɪk.ʃən/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: correlation /ˌkɔɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/, humidity /hjuːˈmɪd.ə.ti/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل virus, immune, correlation.
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| الجمل الشرطية if + جملة، will/would + فعل — شرط ونتيجته | if there aren't any around, you won't catch |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | has become · you've proven · have shown |
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | been told · are caused · are also increased |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | those who didn · gel, which is |
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.