Pratique du Shadowing: Does Being Cold Make You Sick? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
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Winter is coming - and we've all been told to put on a jacket outside, or you'll catch a cold! Of course, the common response of today has become 'Don't be silly, being cold can't give you a cold'. Or can it? Who wins in this battle of the beliefs?
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The correlation between cold weather and sickness does stand out. Between 5-20% of Americans catch a cold or flu every year around late fall and winter. Not to mention, it's called a cold. But there are some important things to consider. First and foremost: colds and the flu are caused by viruses. if there aren't any around, you won't catch a cold - no matter how cold you get. It's as simple as that.
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So why the correlation with decreasing temperatures? Well for one, people tend to stay indoors much more often during the winter, which in turn, puts them in contact with more people.
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More people, means more exposure opportunities for the pathogens to spread. On top of this, humidity plays a role in the spread of some viruses. As the humidity decreases in the winter, not only does the virus spread more readily, but the mucus in your nose dries out. Mucus would otherwise act as a protective barrier to pathogens. Finnaly, the lack of Vitamin D which we get from the sun, can affect our immune system adversely.
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Both being inside more often, and the fact that winter has shorter days makes this a big factor for your health.
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So you've proven your parents wrong... right? Not so fast!
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While some past studies have shown no correlation to temperature, recent evidence suggest otherwise.
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One study which put test subjects feet into ice water found that they were, indeed, more likely to develop common cold symptoms in the following days, than those who didn't.
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The developing hypothesis behind these results is that the cold temperatures cause blood vessel constriction, which slows the white blood cells from reaching the virus, ultimately inhibiting the immune response. Cortisol levels, which pressures the immune system, are also increased with temperature induced stress. Furthermore, studies on both mice and human airway cells found that immune reaction to the common cold virus, in fact, temperature dependent. Warm infected cells are more likely to undergo programmed cell death, to limit the spread of infection.
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Finally, studies of the virus itself have revealed a secret weapon of sorts. In winter temperature, the virus's outer layer or envelope becomes much harder and acts like a shield.
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This allows it to spread from person to person much more easily. But at warm temperatures, this layer is more of a gel, which is not quite tough enough to protect the virus against the elements. As a result, its spreading ability is compromised.
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So, maybe your parents weren't so wrong after all. A happy compromise of going outside more often, bundled up, is likely to get you through the winter unscathed.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 15 phrases et 572 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 2:43. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 210 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 81 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| virus nom | /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/ | virus |
| immune adjectif | /ɪˈmjuːn/ | immun |
| correlation nom | /ˌkɔɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/ | corrélation |
| layer nom | /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ | couche |
| decrease verbe | /dɪˈkɹiːs/ | diminuer |
| compromise nom | /ˈkɑmpɹəˌmaɪz/ | compromis, concession |
| humidity nom | /hjuːˈmɪd.ə.ti/ | humidité |
| belief nom | /bɪˈliːf/ | croyance |
| element nom | /ˈɛləmənt/ | élément |
| exposure nom | /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/ | exposition |
| reveal verbe | /ɹɪˈviːl/ | révéler |
| silly adjectif | /ˈsɪl.i/ | sot, insensé |
| infection nom | /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/ | infection |
| jacket nom | /ˈd͡ʒæk.ɪt/ | veste, blouson |
| mouse nom | /maʊs/ | souris |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| dry out verbe | dessécher |
| put together verbe | assembler |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 11 contractions et formes réduites, comme we've, aren't, can't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, unscathed /ʌnˈskeɪðd/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: correlation /ˌkɔɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/, exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, shield /ˈʃild/, constriction /kənˈstɹɪk.ʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: correlation /ˌkɔɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/, humidity /hjuːˈmɪd.ə.ti/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme virus, immune, correlation.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Phrases conditionnelles if + proposition, will/would + verbe — une condition et son résultat | if there aren't any around, you won't catch |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has become · you've proven · have shown |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | been told · are caused · are also increased |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | those who didn · gel, which is |
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.