تدريب Shadowing: The Truth About Bisexuality - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
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Gay genes exist.
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Genetic hotspots on chromosome 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, and the X chromosome XQ28 region have all been linked to sexual orientation.
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But gay men and women have significantly less kids than straight people, so how come these gay genes continue to persist in humans?
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The answer is insane.
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New research finds bisexual men play a fascinating role in the evolution of gay genes, but before we get to that,
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we need to understand the biological reasons why gay people exist.
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You're more likely to be gay if you have older brothers.
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Studies show that for each additional older brother you have,
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there is an increase in the odds that a younger brother will be gay by 33 to 34%.
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For example, if the oldest brother had a 2 % chance of being gay, the probability rises to 2 .6%,
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3 .5%, and 4 .6 % for each successive brother.
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The biological reason older brothers make you gay is because when the male fetus grows,
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certain proteins derived from the father's Y chromosome are foreign to the mother's immune system.
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Her body will respond by producing antibodies, which with each successive male pregnancy becomes more sensitized,
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the response increases and turns on gay genes.
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The interaction of the fetus to the environment causes the mother's body to go through biological processes of methylation
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and phosphorylation that changes how gay genes are decoded and expressed.
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The mother's antibodies subtly alter the next male fetus's genes to allow them to express potentially more gay genes.
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Yes, it's true, a mother will more likely have a gay son the more sons she has.
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It's an insane sentence, but it's true.
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The reason this happens could be due to kin selection,
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a biological theory that you yourself don't need to reproduce in order to ensure the survival of your genes.
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Gay men and gay women on average have less kids themselves, but are statistically more likely to be caring,
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compassionate, and look after their immediate family members.
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By investing time in nieces, nephews, siblings, and the extended family, gay people are spreading their genes by ensuring that their larger family's genes continue.
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In a way, you achieve the same result as personal reproduction.
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Gay genes exist due to something called the gay uncle hypothesis.
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Posited by scientists
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that it is biologically advantageous for a mother to have a
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gay kid as gay people are more likely to help the immediate family and not leave to procreate with another person.
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And finally, what about bisexual men?
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Well, Bisexual men have an evolutionary advantage.
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Bi men who have genetic markers for homosexuality and heterosexuality have also been found to be more likely to take risks.
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A study from the UK Biobank posits
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that the genetically bisexual men who happen to take more risks
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would have had a huge biological advantage in hunter -gatherer and pre -modern societies.
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Bi men who were taking risks might have spread their seed further
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and wider than straight men and had more reproductive success in the past.
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This is part of the reason why some of the gay genes
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that these bi men have would have continued to be prevalent in human populations up until now.
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Yes, so one of the reasons why, as gay guys and our gay genes may still be here, is thanks to the bi men.
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Sup, boys?
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These are a few of the thousands of biological processes that are linked to gay genes in humans.
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In fact, depending on how it is measured, surveys find that 2 to 10 % of the human population is gay.
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But it's not just us.
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Gayness is all over the animal kingdom and has been found in every branch of the evolutionary tree.
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There are thousands of species that have been studied to show homosexual traits, but due to past homophobic concepts
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and how the evolution of science like kind of grew at a time when homophobia was quite rich,
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there's even more and more research coming in now as we expand our minds towards the animal kingdom.
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Essentially it's been understudied for years, but there are gay genes all over every animal on earth.
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I think it's important to remember that our gayness is heavily linked to our biology.
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We'll put a podcast here for even more information if you want to learn more.
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Thank you so much for watching and we will see you soon for a new science video.
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I suppose
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “The Truth About Bisexuality”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: gay, genes, biological, brother, likely. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 54 جملة و728 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 3:49. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة، نحو 191 كلمة في الدقيقة، لذا ستسمع كثيرًا من وصل الكلمات واختزال الأصوات. 80% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| gene اسم | /d͡ʒiːn/ | مُوَرِّثَة, جِين |
| biological صفة | /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/ | بِيُولُوجِيّ, أَحْيَائِي |
| bisexual صفة | /baɪˈsɛk.ʃ(əw).əl/ | مزدوج الميل الجنسي |
| evolution اسم | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | تَطَوُّر |
| insane صفة | /ɪnˈseɪn/ | مَجْنُون, مَخْبُول |
| successive صفة | /səkˈsɛsɪv/ | مُتَتَابِع, مُتَتَالٍ |
| fetus اسم | /ˈfiːtəs/ | جَنِين |
| uncle اسم | /ˈʌŋ.kl̩/ | عَمّ, خَال |
| expand فعل | /ɪkˈspænd/ | وَسَّعَ |
| pregnancy اسم | /ˈpɹɛɡnənsi/ | حَمْل |
| interaction اسم | /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/ | تَآثُر, تَفَاعُل |
| biology اسم | /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | عِلْم اَلْأَحْيَاء, بِيُولُوجِيَا |
| scientist اسم | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | عَالِم, عَالِمَة |
| podcast اسم | /ˈpɑdˌkæst/ | بُودْكَاسْت m پُودْكَاسْت, بَثّ صَوْتِيّ |
| immune صفة | /ɪˈmjuːn/ | مَنِيع |
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | been linked · are decoded · been found |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | have also been found · has been found · have been studied |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | men who have · men who happen · men who were |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 3 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل don't, we'll, you're. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “th”: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, methylation /ˌmɛθɪˈleɪʃən/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: bisexual /baɪˈsɛk.ʃ(əw).əl/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, bisexual /baɪˈsɛk.ʃ(əw).əl/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:
- /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, pregnancy /ˈpɹɛɡnənsi/, depend /dɪˈpɛnd/, podcast /ˈpɑdˌkæst/
- /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, successive /səkˈsɛsɪv/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, survival /sɚˈvaɪ.vəl/, invest /ɪnˈvɛst/
- تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: uncle /ˈʌŋ.kl̩/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, extend /ɛkˈstɛnd/, pregnancy /ˈpɹɛɡnənsi/, invest /ɪnˈvɛst/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل gene, biological, bisexual.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.