الدرس 115 · المرحلة 10: تراكيب متقدمة
“it is said that…”
متقدم“It is said that…”
الصيغة والاستخدام
it is said/believed that…, be thought/known to… — نقل ما يقوله الناس أو يظنونه
1.تركيبان
لنقل ما يقوله الناس أو يعتقدونه أو يظنونه دون ذكر من هم، في الإنجليزية تركيبان: It + be + التصريف الثالث + that + جملة، أو الفاعل + be + التصريف الثالث + to-verb. وهما شائعان في الأخبار والتقارير والكتابة الرسمية، ويحفظان مسافة — فالكاتب لا يدّعي أن الأمر صحيح.
| الجملة الأصلية | التركيب 1: It is said that… | التركيب 2: … is said to… |
|---|---|---|
| People say that he is very rich. | It is said that he is very rich. | He is said to be very rich. |
| People believe that the fire started in the kitchen. | It is believed that the fire started in the kitchen. | The fire is believed to have started in the kitchen. |
| Experts expect that prices will rise. | It is expected that prices will rise. | Prices are expected to rise. |
أفعال شائعة: say, think, believe, know, consider, expect, report, understand, allege, estimate. ومع consider يمكن حذف to be: He is considered (to be) the best player.
في العربية نقول «يُقال إنّ…» دون فاعل ظاهر، لذلك يكتب المتعلمون كثيرًا “Is said that…”. لكن “it” في التركيب 1 فاعل شكلي (empty subject) — لا يمكنك حذفه. وإذا أردت الإبقاء على “people” فاستخدم المبني للمعلوم: People say that… — وليس “People are said that…”.
2.To-verb أم to have + V3؟
في التركيب 2 يبيّن المصدر ما إذا كان الأمر المنقول يحدث في وقت القول أو الاعتقاد نفسه، أو قبله، أو بعده:
| الأمر المنقول | التركيب | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| في الوقت نفسه / صحيح عمومًا | to + الفعل | She is said to speak five languages. |
| جارٍ الآن | to be + V-ing | The climbers are thought to be sheltering in a cave. |
| حدث قبل ذلك | to have + V3 | He is believed to have left the country. |
| سيحدث (غالبًا مع expect) | to + الفعل | The new bridge is expected to open next year. |
| المبني للمجهول | to be V3 / to have been V3 | The painting is thought to have been stolen in 1990. |
Coffee is thought to have been brought to Vietnam by the French.
يُعتقد أن الفرنسيين هم من أدخلوا القهوة إلى فيتنام. (حدث منذ زمن بعيد → to have been V3)
The singer is reported to be in hospital.
تفيد الأنباء بأن المغني في المستشفى.
More than 300 people are known to have attended the meeting.
من المعروف أن أكثر من 300 شخص حضروا الاجتماع.
3.زمن فعل النقل
is said / is believed = يقول الناس ذلك أو يعتقدونه الآن. was said / was believed = قالوه أو اعتقدوه في الماضي (وربما لم يعودوا كذلك). والمضارع التام ممكن أيضًا: It has been reported that…
The Earth was once believed to be flat.
كان يُعتقد ذات يوم أن الأرض مسطحة.
The ship was thought to have sunk in a storm.
كان يُظن أن السفينة غرقت في عاصفة.
It has been reported that two people were injured.
أفادت التقارير بأن شخصين أُصيبا.
4.There is said to be… وbe supposed to
مع there: There is said to be… = It is said that there is… وفي المحادثة العفوية نادرًا ما يستخدم الناس هذه التراكيب؛ بل يقولون They say… أو Apparently… أو be supposed to (= يقول الناس).
There are thought to be fewer than a hundred of these birds left in the wild.
يُعتقد أن ما تبقّى من هذه الطيور في البرية أقل من مئة.
That new pho place is supposed to be really good.
يقولون إن مطعم الفو الجديد ذاك ممتاز. (غير رسمي = يقول الناس)
They say the shop on the corner is closing down.
يقولون إن المتجر الذي على الناصية سيُغلق.
لـ be supposed to معنى آخر: «يجب، بحسب قاعدة أو خطة» (You're supposed to wear a helmet). انظر درس «“be supposed to / about to / likely to”».
5.أخطاء شائعة
Is said that the airport will open next year.It is said that the airport will open next year.
تحتاج إلى الفاعل الشكلي It.
He is believed to steal the money last year.He is believed to have stolen the money last year.
حدث قبل ذلك → to have + V3.
The museum is known being the oldest in the city.The museum is known to be the oldest in the city.
be known / said / thought + to-verb، لا -ing.
People say him to be very rich.He is said to be very rich. / People say that he is very rich.
لا يوجد مع say تركيب مبني للمعلوم بصيغة say + شخص + to-verb.
The lake says to be very deep.The lake is said to be very deep.
البحيرة لا تقول شيئًا → المبني للمجهول is said.
She is said to be won the prize twice.She is said to have won the prize twice.
فعل في الماضي، مبني للمعلوم → to have + V3.
أمثلة
- The old house on our street is said to be haunted.
- It is believed that eating late at night is bad for your sleep.
- It is expected that prices will rise again next year.
- Green tea is thought to help with weight loss.
