レッスン115 · ステージ10: 上級の構文
「It is said that…」
上級“It is said that…”
形と使い方
it is said/believed that…, be thought/known to… — 人々が言うこと・考えることを伝える
1.2つの形
人々が言っていること・信じていること・考えていることを、誰が言っているかを示さずに伝えるとき、英語には2つの形があります:It + be + 過去分詞 + that + 節、または 主語 + be + 過去分詞 + to 不定詞 です。ニュースや報告書、改まった書き言葉でよく使われ、距離をおいた言い方になります — 書き手はそれが本当だとは断言していません。
| 元の文 | 形 1:It is said that… | 形 2:… is said to… |
|---|---|---|
| People say that he is very rich. | It is said that he is very rich. | He is said to be very rich. |
| People believe that the fire started in the kitchen. | It is believed that the fire started in the kitchen. | The fire is believed to have started in the kitchen. |
| Experts expect that prices will rise. | It is expected that prices will rise. | Prices are expected to rise. |
よく使う動詞:say, think, believe, know, consider, expect, report, understand, allege, estimate。consider では to be を省略できます:He is considered (to be) the best player.
形 1 の「it」は形式主語で、省略できません。日本語では主語を言わなくても文が成り立つので、「Is said that…」と書いてしまいがちです。「people」を残したいなら能動態を使います:People say that… — 「People are said that…」ではありません。
2.to + 動詞の原形か、to have + V3 か
形 2 では、不定詞の形によって、伝える内容が「言う・信じる」時点と同時か、それより前か、後かがわかります:
| 伝える内容 | 形 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 同時/一般的な事実 | to + 動詞の原形 | She is said to speak five languages. |
| 進行中 | to be + V-ing | The climbers are thought to be sheltering in a cave. |
| それより前に起こった | to have + V3 | He is believed to have left the country. |
| これから起こる(expect とよく使う) | to + 動詞の原形 | The new bridge is expected to open next year. |
| 受動態 | to be V3 / to have been V3 | The painting is thought to have been stolen in 1990. |
Coffee is thought to have been brought to Vietnam by the French.
コーヒーはフランス人によってベトナムに持ち込まれたと考えられています。(ずっと前に起こったこと → to have been V3)
The singer is reported to be in hospital.
その歌手は入院していると報じられています。
More than 300 people are known to have attended the meeting.
300人以上がその会議に出席したことがわかっています。
3.伝える動詞の時制
is said / is believed = 今、人々がそう言っている・信じている。was said / was believed = 過去に人々がそう言っていた・信じていた(今はもう違うかもしれない)。現在完了形も使えます:It has been reported that…
The Earth was once believed to be flat.
かつて地球は平らだと信じられていました。
The ship was thought to have sunk in a storm.
その船は嵐で沈んだと考えられていました。
It has been reported that two people were injured.
2人がけがをしたと報じられています。
4.There is said to be…、be supposed to
there を使う場合:There is said to be… = It is said that there is… くだけた会話ではこれらの形はあまり使わず、They say…、Apparently… や be supposed to(= 人々が言っている)を使います。
There are thought to be fewer than a hundred of these birds left in the wild.
この鳥は野生では100羽も残っていないと考えられています。
That new pho place is supposed to be really good.
あの新しいフォーの店、すごくおいしいらしいよ。(くだけた言い方 = people say)
They say the shop on the corner is closing down.
角の店が閉店するらしいよ。
be supposed to には別の意味もあります:「規則や予定によれば〜することになっている」(You're supposed to wear a helmet)。レッスン『「be supposed to / about to / likely to」』を参照してください。
5.よくある間違い
Is said that the airport will open next year.It is said that the airport will open next year.
形式主語の It が必要です。
He is believed to steal the money last year.He is believed to have stolen the money last year.
それより前に起こったこと → to have + V3 です。
The museum is known being the oldest in the city.The museum is known to be the oldest in the city.
be known / said / thought の後ろは -ing ではなく to 不定詞です。
People say him to be very rich.He is said to be very rich. / People say that he is very rich.
say には、能動態で say + 人 + to 不定詞という形がありません。
The lake says to be very deep.The lake is said to be very deep.
湖は何も言わない → 受動態の is said です。
She is said to be won the prize twice.She is said to have won the prize twice.
過去の能動の動作 → to have + V3 です。
例文
- The old house on our street is said to be haunted.
- It is believed that eating late at night is bad for your sleep.
- It is expected that prices will rise again next year.
- Green tea is thought to help with weight loss.
