Lição 115 · Etapa 10: Estruturas avançadas
“It is said that…”
AvançadoForma e uso
it is said/believed that…, be thought/known to… — relatar o que as pessoas dizem ou pensam
1.Dois padrões
Para relatar o que as pessoas dizem, acreditam ou pensam sem dizer quem, o inglês tem dois padrões: It + be + particípio passado + that + oração, ou sujeito + be + particípio passado + to-infinitivo. Eles são comuns em notícias, relatórios e textos formais, e criam uma distância — quem escreve não afirma que aquilo é verdade.
| Frase de partida | Padrão 1: It is said that… | Padrão 2: … is said to… |
|---|---|---|
| People say that he is very rich. | It is said that he is very rich. | He is said to be very rich. |
| People believe that the fire started in the kitchen. | It is believed that the fire started in the kitchen. | The fire is believed to have started in the kitchen. |
| Experts expect that prices will rise. | It is expected that prices will rise. | Prices are expected to rise. |
Verbos comuns: say, think, believe, know, consider, expect, report, understand, allege, estimate. Com consider, o to be pode ser omitido: He is considered (to be) the best player.
Em português dizemos “Diz-se que…” ou “Dizem que…”, sem sujeito. Em inglês, o “it” do padrão 1 é um sujeito vazio — não pode ser omitido, então nada de “Is said that…”. Se quiser manter “people”, use a voz ativa: People say that… — e não “People are said that…”.
2.To-infinitivo ou to have + V3?
No padrão 2, o infinitivo mostra se o fato relatado acontece ao mesmo tempo que o ato de dizer ou acreditar, antes ou depois dele:
| O fato relatado | Forma | Exemplo |
|---|---|---|
| ao mesmo tempo / verdade geral | to + verbo | She is said to speak five languages. |
| em andamento | to be + V-ing | The climbers are thought to be sheltering in a cave. |
| aconteceu antes | to have + V3 | He is believed to have left the country. |
| vai acontecer (muitas vezes com expect) | to + verbo | The new bridge is expected to open next year. |
| voz passiva | to be V3 / to have been V3 | The painting is thought to have been stolen in 1990. |
Coffee is thought to have been brought to Vietnam by the French.
Acredita-se que o café foi trazido para o Vietnã pelos franceses. (aconteceu há muito tempo → to have been V3)
The singer is reported to be in hospital.
Segundo as notícias, o cantor está internado.
More than 300 people are known to have attended the meeting.
Sabe-se que mais de 300 pessoas participaram da reunião.
3.O tempo do verbo de relato
is said / is believed = as pessoas dizem ou acreditam nisso agora. was said / was believed = as pessoas diziam ou acreditavam nisso no passado (talvez não mais). O present perfect também é possível: It has been reported that…
The Earth was once believed to be flat.
Antigamente se acreditava que a Terra era plana.
The ship was thought to have sunk in a storm.
Achava-se que o navio tinha afundado numa tempestade.
It has been reported that two people were injured.
Foi noticiado que duas pessoas ficaram feridas.
4.There is said to be…, be supposed to
Com there: There is said to be… = It is said that there is… Na conversa do dia a dia, as pessoas quase não usam esses padrões; elas dizem They say…, Apparently… ou be supposed to (= dizem que).
There are thought to be fewer than a hundred of these birds left in the wild.
Acredita-se que restam menos de cem dessas aves na natureza.
That new pho place is supposed to be really good.
Dizem que aquele restaurante novo de pho é muito bom. (informal = dizem que)
They say the shop on the corner is closing down.
Dizem que a loja da esquina vai fechar.
be supposed to tem outro sentido: “dever, segundo uma regra ou um plano” (You're supposed to wear a helmet). Veja a lição “Be supposed to / about to / likely to”.
5.Erros comuns
Is said that the airport will open next year.It is said that the airport will open next year.
Falta o sujeito vazio It.
He is believed to steal the money last year.He is believed to have stolen the money last year.
Aconteceu antes → to have + V3.
The museum is known being the oldest in the city.The museum is known to be the oldest in the city.
be known / said / thought + to-infinitivo, e não -ing.
People say him to be very rich.He is said to be very rich. / People say that he is very rich.
say não tem o padrão ativo say + pessoa + to-infinitivo.
The lake says to be very deep.The lake is said to be very deep.
O lago não diz nada → voz passiva: is said.
She is said to be won the prize twice.She is said to have won the prize twice.
Ação passada, na voz ativa → to have + V3.
Exemplos
- The old house on our street is said to be haunted.
- It is believed that eating late at night is bad for your sleep.
- It is expected that prices will rise again next year.
- Green tea is thought to help with weight loss.
