Lezione 115 · Tappa 10: Strutture avanzate
“It is said that…”
AvanzatoForma e uso
it is said/believed that…, be thought/known to… — riferire ciò che la gente dice o pensa
1.Due schemi
Per riferire che cosa la gente dice, crede o pensa senza dire chi, l'inglese ha due schemi: It + be + participio passato + that + frase, oppure soggetto + be + participio passato + to-infinito. Sono comuni nelle notizie, nei rapporti e nei testi formali, e mantengono una certa distanza: chi scrive non afferma che sia vero.
| Frase di partenza | Schema 1: It is said that… | Schema 2: … is said to… |
|---|---|---|
| People say that he is very rich. | It is said that he is very rich. | He is said to be very rich. |
| People believe that the fire started in the kitchen. | It is believed that the fire started in the kitchen. | The fire is believed to have started in the kitchen. |
| Experts expect that prices will rise. | It is expected that prices will rise. | Prices are expected to rise. |
Verbi comuni: say, think, believe, know, consider, expect, report, understand, allege, estimate. Con consider si può togliere to be: He is considered (to be) the best player.
In italiano diciamo “Si dice che…” o “Dicono che…”, senza soggetto. In inglese l'“it” dello schema 1 è un soggetto vuoto: non si può togliere, quindi niente “Is said that…”. Se vuoi tenere “people”, usa la forma attiva: People say that…, non “People are said that…”.
2.To-infinito o to have + V3?
Nello schema 2, l'infinito mostra se la cosa riferita avviene nello stesso momento in cui si dice o si crede, prima o dopo:
| La cosa riferita | Forma | Esempio |
|---|---|---|
| nello stesso momento / vera in generale | to + verbo | She is said to speak five languages. |
| in corso | to be + V-ing | The climbers are thought to be sheltering in a cave. |
| è successa prima | to have + V3 | He is believed to have left the country. |
| succederà (spesso con expect) | to + verbo | The new bridge is expected to open next year. |
| forma passiva | to be V3 / to have been V3 | The painting is thought to have been stolen in 1990. |
Coffee is thought to have been brought to Vietnam by the French.
Si pensa che il caffè sia stato portato in Vietnam dai francesi. (è successo tanto tempo fa → to have been V3)
The singer is reported to be in hospital.
Secondo le notizie, il cantante è ricoverato in ospedale.
More than 300 people are known to have attended the meeting.
Si sa che più di 300 persone hanno partecipato alla riunione.
3.Il tempo del verbo che riferisce
is said / is believed = la gente lo dice o lo crede adesso. was said / was believed = la gente lo diceva o lo credeva in passato (forse non più). È possibile anche il present perfect: It has been reported that…
The Earth was once believed to be flat.
Un tempo si credeva che la Terra fosse piatta.
The ship was thought to have sunk in a storm.
Si pensava che la nave fosse affondata in una tempesta.
It has been reported that two people were injured.
È stato riferito che due persone sono rimaste ferite.
4.There is said to be…, be supposed to
Con there: There is said to be… = It is said that there is… Nella conversazione di tutti i giorni questi schemi si usano poco; si dice They say…, Apparently… oppure be supposed to (= dicono che).
There are thought to be fewer than a hundred of these birds left in the wild.
Si pensa che in natura siano rimasti meno di cento esemplari di questi uccelli.
That new pho place is supposed to be really good.
Dicono che quel nuovo locale di pho sia buonissimo. (informale = dicono che)
They say the shop on the corner is closing down.
Dicono che il negozio all'angolo stia per chiudere.
be supposed to ha anche un altro significato: “dovere, secondo una regola o un programma” (You're supposed to wear a helmet). Vedi la lezione “Be supposed to / about to / likely to”.
5.Errori comuni
Is said that the airport will open next year.It is said that the airport will open next year.
Serve il soggetto vuoto It.
He is believed to steal the money last year.He is believed to have stolen the money last year.
È successo prima → to have + V3.
The museum is known being the oldest in the city.The museum is known to be the oldest in the city.
be known / said / thought + to-infinito, non -ing.
People say him to be very rich.He is said to be very rich. / People say that he is very rich.
say non ha uno schema attivo say + persona + to-infinito.
The lake says to be very deep.The lake is said to be very deep.
Il lago non dice niente → forma passiva: is said.
She is said to be won the prize twice.She is said to have won the prize twice.
Un'azione passata, attiva → to have + V3.
Esempi
- The old house on our street is said to be haunted.
- It is believed that eating late at night is bad for your sleep.
- It is expected that prices will rise again next year.
- Green tea is thought to help with weight loss.
