Shadowing Practice: The Evolution of Human Skin Colour | BBC Earth Science - Learn English Speaking with Video

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This map shows how UV varies across the globe.
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Throughout Africa there are these very high levels, but the levels taper off dramatically as we begin to get into Western Europe or Eastern Asia.
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And in places with less UV, high levels of melanin created a problem.
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There are some wavelengths of UV that are actually essential to our health, that promote the production of vitamin D in our skin.
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We need vitamin D for a strong immune system and healthy bones.
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With less exposure to the sun, our ancestors couldn't make enough of it.
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To survive in these new lands, our colour had to change.
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Nina has produced a map that shows how human skin colour adapted.
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You see very darkly pigmented people that are concentrated in the areas of high UV
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and then much more lightly
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or depigmented people as you get closer to the poles under conditions of very low of very low UV.
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So each population works out a balancing act, so they're protected enough that their DNA is OK, but they still have enough UV to make vitamin D?
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Precisely.
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This interaction between our skin and the sun is so finely balanced
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that even in a single individual it can adapt and change.
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To show us, Nina is looking for the people with the biggest difference in colour between parts of the body
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that get a lot of sun exposure and parts that get very little. So let's look here.
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Now we don't see a lot of difference here between your upper inner arm and your forehead.
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They're pretty closely similar.
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And with the two very lightly pigmented people, there's very, very little difference.
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And similarly, at the very other end of the line, with our most darkly pigmented person, there's very little difference.
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But in the middle of the line, things are different.
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So if we look at some of these individuals, the difference is really quite great.
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The unexposed skin versus the exposed skin, we can really see a visible difference.
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And all of these people have sort of moderately to darkly pigmented skin and they have tremendous abilities to tan.
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Tanning is the solution to living at latitudes where sunlight changes dramatically throughout the year.
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In these regions, people produce melanin to protect them in summer and then lose it in winter.
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All of this suggests a problem because today we jet all over the world, we live in countries which we weren't born in.
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Does that cause problems?
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Now we have to modify our lifestyle.
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We have to think about whether we protect our skin from ultraviolet radiation, or whether we take vitamin D supplements.
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It's only recently we've been able to take measures like this to help control our relationship with the sun.
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For most of our history, this vital role was played by our own skin.
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Thank you.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Este vídeo tiene 34 frases y 479 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 3:56. El hablante mantiene un ritmo constante de unas 122 palabras por minuto, cómodo para el shadowing. El 83 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:

PalabraPronunciaciónSignificado
vitamin sustantivo/ˈvɪt.ə.mɪn/vitamina, vitamínico
exposure sustantivo/ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/exposición
adapt verbo/əˈdæpt/adaptar, ajustar
lightly adverbio/ˈlaɪtli/ligeramente
dramatically adverbiodramáticamente
bone sustantivo/boʊn/hueso
visible adjetivo/ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/visible
vital adjetivo/ˈvaɪtəl/vital
versus/ˈvɝsəs/contra, en vez de
similarly adverbio/ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/similarmente, igualmente
interaction sustantivo/ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/interacción, interrelación
lifestyle sustantivo/ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl/género/estilo de vida/vivir/vivencia, estilo/género vital/vivencial
globe sustantivo/ɡloʊb/globo terráqueo, globo terrestre
radiation sustantivo/ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/radiación
vary verbo/ˈvɛəɹi/variar

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

El hablante usa 6 contracciones y formas reducidas, como they're, couldn't, don't. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.

  • Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/
  • Palabras largas — cuida el acento: similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, ultraviolet /ˌʌltɹəˈvaɪələt/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

  1. Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
  2. Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
  3. Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como vitamin, exposure, adapt.

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

EstructuraEn el vídeo
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo haceare concentrated · weren't born · was played
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahorahas produced · we've been

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →