Pratica di Shadowing: How a Super El Niño affects the global climate - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
Creazione lezione...
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Strange things are happening around the Pacific Ocean right now.
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A 10-foot great white shark spotted dangerously close to a group of children swimming north of Los Angeles.
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Hundreds of hungry pelicans are flocking to Peruvian ports and coastal markets.
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The worst winter storm front to hit Chile in more than a decade.
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And all signs point to El Nino as a major reason why.
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The number of climate models are calling for the possibility of a Super El Nino brewing this summer.
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El Nino is not uncommon.
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This climate phenomenon occurs every few years, but this one could be different.
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It's been called a potential super or Godzilla El Nino, and it could fuel extreme and dangerous weather conditions globally through 2027.
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So now seems like a good time to explain the science behind El Nino, how strong this one might be, and how it could impact our global ecosystem.
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And El Nino gets declared when trade winds shift and temperatures rise in the Pacific Ocean.
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The trade winds along the equator are constantly blowing from the east to the west.
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They're called the trade winds because hundreds of years ago, the sailing ships could rely on those steady winds to move them across the Pacific.
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And they essentially pile up warm water in the far western Pacific.
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When they slow down, even briefly, they can allow that warm water to slide backwards under the surface of the ocean.
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All of that water will become warm as those trade winds weaken.
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And then when they hit about a half a degree centigrade, about one degree Fahrenheit over the central Pacific,
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then our team here will declare an El Nino event.
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Noah says the El Nino has officially begun.
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El Nino is a part of the naturally recurring climate pattern known as the El Nino Southern Oscillation or ENSO.
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That acronym ENSO, El Nino Southern Oscillation, it encompasses the entire El Niño and La Niña system.
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La Niña is the opposite phase with cooler than average surface temperature.
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And generally we see swings between the two.
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They tend to recur on a two to seven year cycle.
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There's also a neutral phase in the middle when neither El Niño nor La Niña are present.
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So El Niño is just a normal part of this constantly replaying cycle in the ocean.
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But what's not normal is how strong scientists are predicting that this current El Nino could become.
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We do have a grading system.
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We actually grade it based on the sea surface temperatures in the Central Pacific, greater than 2 degrees Celsius, which is about 3.8 degrees Fahrenheit.
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It's a very strong El Nino.
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We have an 81% chance of being in a very strong El Nino.
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That's the highest odds I've seen for that.
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The atmospheric response scales with that.
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So if that temperature is much,
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much warmer than average, then that's a stronger El Nino and has a stronger influence over global atmospheric circulations.
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A contributing factor to the strength of this El Nino is what's known as a Kelvin wave,
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a 9,000-mile-long warm water mass moving across the Pacific that's a whopping 7.5 degrees Celsius
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or 13.5 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the average.
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That warm water moving under the surface, it rises up as it moves to the east
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and provides a source of heat for the surface and therefore feeds an El Nino event.
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We've only seen El Ninos with this much strength a few times in the past.
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From 1877 to 1878, an El Nino caused a famine that killed millions of people.
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From 1982 to 1983, a superpowered El Nino brought drought to nearly every continent and destructive floods in North and South America.
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And another from 1997 to 98 caused widespread record rainfalls, mudslides, wildfires, and coral bleaching.
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So what can we expect with the strength of the current El Nino continuing to gather over the coming months?
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The World Meteorological Organization's seasonal outlook is predicting temperatures and rainfall far outside of global averages.
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And a stronger El Nino means more intense shifts in weather.
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It makes a parade of storms more likely to happen.
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Because El Nino can shift rain away from where it normally falls, it's not just that wetness or dryness increases, but where it increases.
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In places that aren't necessarily used to dealing with those conditions.
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You can get a lot of these kind of pattern changes.
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There's parts of western Chile, the Atacama Desert, that, you know, they don't get rain maybe once every 25 years, but they do when it's in El Nino.
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More wetness into Southern California, across Arizona, Texas.
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The potential risk of extreme weather events is higher given the strength of this El Nino.
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Droughts in Southern Asia, flooding in the Americas, and hurricanes forming in the East Pacific Ocean.
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They can bring a lot more rainfall to Peru, Ecuador, and Chile and have devastating consequences there.
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We see drier conditions in Indonesia, which can contribute to wildfires.
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The far eastern Pacific can be, the water can be quite a lot warmer than average,
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and that has a lot of implications for fish and for species that depend on fish.
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Those sharks that are showing up on the beaches of Southern California, they're heading north of their usual habitat because their normal hangouts have gotten too warm,
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and the fish that they eat are migrating to cooler, more nutrient-rich water.
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And as this El Nino gathers strength, it appears it will continue through the winter when it's expected to peak.
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North America, southern Australia, and some other regions like that, we expect those impacts to be greater in the winter.
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More rain, especially in the southern tier of the US.
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Historically, we have seen snowier winters during El Nino, largely because of that increased moisture.
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But even with that foresight, we still face a test of what some are calling one of the strongest El Ninos ever recorded.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione di livello B2 si basa sul video “How a Super El Niño affects the global climate”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: Nino, Pacific, southern, warm, degree. Questo video contiene 66 frasi e 989 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 6:19. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 156 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Solo il 78% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| rainfall sostantivo | acquazzone, rovescio | |
| wetness sostantivo | /ˈwɛt.nəs/ | umidità |
| wildfire sostantivo | /ˈwaɪldˌfaɪər/ | incendio boschivo |
| atmospheric aggettivo | /ˌætməsˈfɛɹɪk/ | atmosferico |
| drought sostantivo | /ˈdɹaʊ̯t/ | siccità, secco |
| declare verbo | /dɪˈklɛɚ/ | dichiarare |
| predict verbo | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | profetizzare |
| acronym sostantivo | /ˈækɹənɪm/ | sigla, acronimo |
| dangerously avverbio | in modo pericoloso, pericolosamente | |
| devastate verbo | /ˈdɛv.ə.steɪt/ | devastare |
| dryness sostantivo | /ˈdɹaɪ.nəs/ | secchezza |
| encompass verbo | /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/ | circondare |
| equator sostantivo | /ɪˈkweɪ.tɚ/ | equatore |
| foresight sostantivo | /ˈfɔɹsaɪt/ | lungimiranza, preveggenza |
| migrate verbo | /maɪˈɡɹeɪt/ | migrare |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| pile up verbo | impilare, impilarsi |
| slow down verbo | rallentare, decelerare |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | I've seen · We've only seen · have gotten |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | Celsius, which is · Indonesia, which can |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 6 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come they're, aren't, don't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/, circulation /ˌsɝkjʊˈleɪʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: atmospheric /ˌætməsˈfɛɹɪk/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, circulation /ˌsɝkjʊˈleɪʃən/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: whopping /ˈ(h)wɑpɪŋ/, habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/, hurricane /ˈhʌɹɪkeɪn/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: wetness /ˈwɛt.nəs/, atmospheric /ˌætməsˈfɛɹɪk/, drought /ˈdɹaʊ̯t/, predict /pɹɪˈdɪkt/, devastate /ˈdɛv.ə.steɪt/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: atmospheric /ˌætməsˈfɛɹɪk/, acronym /ˈækɹənɪm/, famine /ˈfæm.ɪn/, backward /ˈbækwɚd/, habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come rainfall, wetness, wildfire.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.