Практика Shadowing: How a Super El Niño affects the global climate - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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66 предложений
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1
Strange things are happening around the Pacific Ocean right now.
2
A 10-foot great white shark spotted dangerously close to a group of children swimming north of Los Angeles.
3
Hundreds of hungry pelicans are flocking to Peruvian ports and coastal markets.
4
The worst winter storm front to hit Chile in more than a decade.
5
And all signs point to El Nino as a major reason why.
6
The number of climate models are calling for the possibility of a Super El Nino brewing this summer.
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El Nino is not uncommon.
8
This climate phenomenon occurs every few years, but this one could be different.
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It's been called a potential super or Godzilla El Nino, and it could fuel extreme and dangerous weather conditions globally through 2027.
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So now seems like a good time to explain the science behind El Nino, how strong this one might be, and how it could impact our global ecosystem.
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And El Nino gets declared when trade winds shift and temperatures rise in the Pacific Ocean.
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The trade winds along the equator are constantly blowing from the east to the west.
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They're called the trade winds because hundreds of years ago, the sailing ships could rely on those steady winds to move them across the Pacific.
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And they essentially pile up warm water in the far western Pacific.
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When they slow down, even briefly, they can allow that warm water to slide backwards under the surface of the ocean.
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All of that water will become warm as those trade winds weaken.
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And then when they hit about a half a degree centigrade, about one degree Fahrenheit over the central Pacific,
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then our team here will declare an El Nino event.
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Noah says the El Nino has officially begun.
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El Nino is a part of the naturally recurring climate pattern known as the El Nino Southern Oscillation or ENSO.
21
That acronym ENSO, El Nino Southern Oscillation, it encompasses the entire El Niño and La Niña system.
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La Niña is the opposite phase with cooler than average surface temperature.
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And generally we see swings between the two.
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They tend to recur on a two to seven year cycle.
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There's also a neutral phase in the middle when neither El Niño nor La Niña are present.
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So El Niño is just a normal part of this constantly replaying cycle in the ocean.
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But what's not normal is how strong scientists are predicting that this current El Nino could become.
28
We do have a grading system.
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We actually grade it based on the sea surface temperatures in the Central Pacific, greater than 2 degrees Celsius, which is about 3.8 degrees Fahrenheit.
30
It's a very strong El Nino.
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We have an 81% chance of being in a very strong El Nino.
32
That's the highest odds I've seen for that.
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The atmospheric response scales with that.
34
So if that temperature is much,
35
much warmer than average, then that's a stronger El Nino and has a stronger influence over global atmospheric circulations.
36
A contributing factor to the strength of this El Nino is what's known as a Kelvin wave,
37
a 9,000-mile-long warm water mass moving across the Pacific that's a whopping 7.5 degrees Celsius
38
or 13.5 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the average.
39
That warm water moving under the surface, it rises up as it moves to the east
40
and provides a source of heat for the surface and therefore feeds an El Nino event.
41
We've only seen El Ninos with this much strength a few times in the past.
42
From 1877 to 1878, an El Nino caused a famine that killed millions of people.
43
From 1982 to 1983, a superpowered El Nino brought drought to nearly every continent and destructive floods in North and South America.
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And another from 1997 to 98 caused widespread record rainfalls, mudslides, wildfires, and coral bleaching.
45
So what can we expect with the strength of the current El Nino continuing to gather over the coming months?
46
The World Meteorological Organization's seasonal outlook is predicting temperatures and rainfall far outside of global averages.
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And a stronger El Nino means more intense shifts in weather.
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It makes a parade of storms more likely to happen.
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Because El Nino can shift rain away from where it normally falls, it's not just that wetness or dryness increases, but where it increases.
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In places that aren't necessarily used to dealing with those conditions.
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You can get a lot of these kind of pattern changes.
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There's parts of western Chile, the Atacama Desert, that, you know, they don't get rain maybe once every 25 years, but they do when it's in El Nino.
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More wetness into Southern California, across Arizona, Texas.
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The potential risk of extreme weather events is higher given the strength of this El Nino.
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Droughts in Southern Asia, flooding in the Americas, and hurricanes forming in the East Pacific Ocean.
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They can bring a lot more rainfall to Peru, Ecuador, and Chile and have devastating consequences there.
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We see drier conditions in Indonesia, which can contribute to wildfires.
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The far eastern Pacific can be, the water can be quite a lot warmer than average,
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and that has a lot of implications for fish and for species that depend on fish.
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Those sharks that are showing up on the beaches of Southern California, they're heading north of their usual habitat because their normal hangouts have gotten too warm,
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and the fish that they eat are migrating to cooler, more nutrient-rich water.
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And as this El Nino gathers strength, it appears it will continue through the winter when it's expected to peak.
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North America, southern Australia, and some other regions like that, we expect those impacts to be greater in the winter.
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More rain, especially in the southern tier of the US.
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Historically, we have seen snowier winters during El Nino, largely because of that increased moisture.
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But even with that foresight, we still face a test of what some are calling one of the strongest El Ninos ever recorded.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «How a Super El Niño affects the global climate». Чаще всего повторяются слова: Nino, Pacific, southern, warm, degree. В этом видео 66 предложений и 989 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 6:19. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 156 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 78% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| rainfall существительное | коли́чество оса́дков, дождь | |
| wildfire существительное | /ˈwaɪldˌfaɪər/ | пожа́р, лесно́й пожа́р |
| atmospheric прилагательное | /ˌætməsˈfɛɹɪk/ | атмосфе́рный |
| drought существительное | /ˈdɹaʊ̯t/ | за́суха, засу́шливость |
| declare глагол | /dɪˈklɛɚ/ | объявля́ть |
| predict глагол | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | предска́зывать, предсказа́ть |
| acronym существительное | /ˈækɹənɪm/ | акро́ним, сокраще́ние |
| dangerously наречие | опа́сно | |
| devastate глагол | /ˈdɛv.ə.steɪt/ | опустоша́ть, опустоши́ть |
| dryness существительное | /ˈdɹaɪ.nəs/ | су́хость |
| encompass глагол | /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/ | окружа́ть, окружи́ть |
| equator существительное | /ɪˈkweɪ.tɚ/ | эква́тор |
| foresight существительное | /ˈfɔɹsaɪt/ | предви́дение, предусмотри́тельность |
| migrate глагол | /maɪˈɡɹeɪt/ | мигри́ровать, соверша́ть перелёт |
| mudslide существительное | /ˈmʌdˌslaɪd/ | сель, о́ползень |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| pile up глагол | нагроможда́ть, нагромозди́ть |
| slow down глагол | замедля́ть, заме́длить |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | It's been called · I've seen · We've only seen |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | Celsius, which is · Indonesia, which can |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 6 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например they're, aren't, don't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/, circulation /ˌsɝkjʊˈleɪʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: atmospheric /ˌætməsˈfɛɹɪk/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, circulation /ˌsɝkjʊˈleɪʃən/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: wetness /ˈwɛt.nəs/, wildfire /ˈwaɪldˌfaɪər/, equator /ɪˈkweɪ.tɚ/, weaken /ˈwikən/, whopping /ˈ(h)wɑpɪŋ/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: whopping /ˈ(h)wɑpɪŋ/, habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/, hurricane /ˈhʌɹɪkeɪn/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: mudslide /ˈmʌdˌslaɪd/, backward /ˈbækwɚd/, destructive /dɪˈstɹʌktɪv/, parade /pəˈrɑd/, widespread /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как rainfall, wildfire, atmospheric.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.