레슨 34 · 3단계: 계획·요청·비교
의무: must / have to / need to
초급Obligation: must / have to / need to
형태와 쓰임
어떤 일이 필요하다고 말할 때
1.형태
무언가가 필요하다고 말하는 방법은 세 가지: must, have to, need to — 모두 + 동사원형입니다. must는 조동사이고, have to와 need to는 일반동사처럼 움직입니다.
| must | have to | need to | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 긍정문 | I / she must go. | I have to go. · She has to go. | I need to go. · She needs to go. |
| 부정문 | mustn't go (= 하지 마라) | don't / doesn't have to go (= 필요 없다) | don't / doesn't need to go (= 필요 없다) |
| 의문문 | Must I go? (드묾) | Do I have to go? · Does she have to go? | Do I need to go? |
| 과거 | — (had to를 씀) | had to go | needed to go |
must에는 -s, to, do가 붙지 않습니다: She must go. have to / need to는 반대입니다: She has to go. Does she need to go?
2.언제 쓰나요
1. have to — 규칙, 일, 상황 때문에 필요함(말하는 사람의 의견이 아니라 사실)
I have to wear a uniform at work.
직장에서는 유니폼을 입어야 해요.
Linh has to take two buses to get to school.
링은 학교에 가려면 버스를 두 번 타야 해요.
Do you have to work on Sundays?
일요일에도 일해야 해?
2. must — 말하는 사람 스스로 필요하다고 느낌: 자기 자신에게 하는 다짐이나 강한 추천
It's late. I must go.
늦었네. 가 봐야겠어.
I must call my grandma this weekend.
이번 주말에는 꼭 할머니께 전화드려야지.
You must try the coconut coffee here — it's amazing!
여기 코코넛 커피는 꼭 마셔 봐. 정말 끝내줘!
3. must — 문서로 된 규칙, 표지판, 안내문
All visitors must sign in at the front desk.
모든 방문객은 안내 데스크에서 서명해야 합니다.
Passengers must keep their bags with them at all times.
승객은 항상 가방을 몸에 지니고 있어야 합니다.
4. need to — 어떤 목적을 위해, 또는 상황 때문에 필요한 일
My phone is almost dead. I need to charge it.
휴대폰 배터리가 거의 없어. 충전해야 해.
Do we need to book a table, or can we just walk in?
자리를 예약해야 해, 아니면 그냥 가도 돼?
5. have got to — have to와 같은 뜻으로, 편한 대화에서 아주 많이 씁니다
Sorry, I've got to go — my bus is leaving.
미안, 가 봐야 해 — 버스가 곧 떠나.
미국 영어에서 의무를 나타내는 must는 꽤 강하고 딱딱하게 들립니다. 미국 사람들은 보통 have to나 have got to(gotta)를 씁니다. 잘 모르겠으면 have to를 쓰면 거의 항상 괜찮습니다.
3.다른 시제에서는 have to를 쓴다
must는 형태가 하나뿐이고 현재나 미래만 말할 수 있습니다. 과거, will / might 뒤, 현재완료, 다른 동사 뒤에서는 have to를 씁니다.
| 시제 / 형태 | 예문 |
|---|---|
| 과거 | I had to wait an hour for the bus. |
| 미래 | Prices go up next month, so we'll have to pay more. |
| Might have to | We might have to sell the car. |
| 현재완료 | I've had to wear glasses since I was ten. |
| 다른 동사 뒤 | I hate having to get up in the dark. |
4.mustn't와 don't have to는 아주 다르다
| 뜻 | 예문 | |
|---|---|---|
| mustn't | 하지 마라 — 허용되지 않음 | You mustn't smoke in here. It's a hospital. |
| don't have to / don't need to | 필요 없음 — 원하면 해도 됨 | You don't have to bring food. There's plenty. |
You mustn't touch the paintings.
그림을 만지면 안 됩니다.
You don't have to take your shoes off. Come in!
신발 안 벗으셔도 돼요. 들어오세요!
mustn't = 금지, don't have to = 선택. 헷갈리지 마세요. 「불필요: don't have to / needn't」 레슨도 참고하세요.
5.자주 하는 실수
You must to turn off your phone in class.You must turn off your phone in class.
must 뒤에 to를 쓰지 않습니다.
She have to finish her homework.She has to finish her homework.
he/she/it → has to.
Last week I must work every evening.Last week I had to work every evening.
과거에는 had to를 씁니다.
Do you must wear a helmet?Do you have to wear a helmet?
must에는 do를 쓰지 않습니다. Do you have to…?로 물으세요.
We will must show our passports.We will have to show our passports.
미래: will have to.
She needs wear a uniform.She needs to wear a uniform.
일반동사 need → need to + 동사.
예문
- All students must wear a uniform at this school.
- My brother has to work on Saturdays.
- Did you have to pay for the tickets?
- Yesterday I had to stay late at the office to finish a report.
