Практика Shadowing: Do we need to eat meat? | DW Documentary - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Actually, we really didn't want a dog.
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We just wanted to take a look, just a quick look.
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Tessie was the smallest and the youngest and the weakest too.
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And the breeder said, yes, this little one's always losing out.
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Then he put her in my arms and she stopped crying.
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Of course, my heart melted on the spot.
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When Tessie joined the Neumeiers, she was only a few weeks old.
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Weeks turned into months and months into years.
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She grew up with the two children and discovered the world.
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On special occasions, she wore a bow tie, but no trousers.
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She went on holiday to the seaside, but never warmed to the water.
12
At night, she slept at the foot of the marital bed, and in the morning she sat at the breakfast table.
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Over the years, the family photo albums filled up with happy memories.
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The children grew up, and Tessie grew old.
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Hey, little dreamer, where are you?
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On Tessie's 14th birthday, Mrs. Neumeyer saw something was wrong with her.
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Then the vet said, it's breast cancer.
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And you're speechless at first.
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Let's register.
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Tessie needed an immediate operation.
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You sense it, don't you?
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Tessie, hang in there.
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Every day in the veterinary hospital, Chief Veterinarian Rüdiger and his team fight for the lives of animals.
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When you get a case where you give it your all, try everything and the animal ends up surviving, it's just a great feeling.
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Countless lives have been saved in these rooms, but some have had to be terminated.
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In the drawer there we have a big pack of Kleenex, and sometimes we need it ourselves.
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The pets we share our homes with are our best friends and family members.
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Each one is uniquely special, and we do anything to keep them happy.
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We don't see this uniqueness in the animals we eat.
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In the supermarket, we think of the meal they will make, not the individuals they once were.
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We are champions of suppression.
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How do we do it so well?
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Imagine that you're eating a hamburger.
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And as you're biting into this juicy burger, your dining companion says to you, actually, that hamburger is not made from cows.
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It's made from golden retrievers.
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Chances are, what you just thought of as food, you now think of as a dead animal.
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What you just felt was delicious, you now feel is disgusting.
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And chances are, rather than continuing to eat the hamburger, you want to throw it away.
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This is because carnism has not conditioned you to think of golden retrievers or dogs as edible.
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Carnism is the term proposed by American psychologist Melanie Joy to describe our contradictory relationship with animals.
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We tend to assume that only vegans and vegetarians follow a belief system.
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But the only reason we may learn to eat pigs but not dogs, for example, is because we do follow a belief system when it comes to eating animals.
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When eating animals is not a necessity for survival, which is true for many people in the world today,
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people who cannot make their choices freely, who are economically disadvantaged, for example, can't make their choices freely but many people in the world today can make their choices freely.
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When eating animals is not a necessity for survival, then it's a choice, and choices.. always stem from beliefs.
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What we view as the truth is actually largely belief.
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We believe what we read in our textbooks.
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That doctors know how our bodies work.
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And that physicists can explain why the moon doesn't fall from the sky.
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But we've also learned such things as boys don't wear skirts.
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women can't be astronauts, and that pigs are for eating.
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We often accept uncritically what society and our parents teach us.
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The older we get, the fewer naive questions we ask, and the more entrenched our views can become.
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It started when I was a child, actually.
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Like many people, I'm from the United States.
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I grew up with a dog who I loved, like a family member.
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And I also grew up eating meat, eggs, and dairy.
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And I was always a person who cared about animals, like most people.
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Yet I never thought about how strange it was
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that I could pet my dog with one hand while I ate a pork chop with the other.
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You know, a pork chop that had once been an animal who was at least as intelligent and sentient as my dog.
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I just, I didn't make the connection between the meat on my plate and the animal it once was.
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What happened was that in 1989, when I was 23 years old,
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I ate a contaminated hamburger and I ended up on intravenous antibiotics in the hospital.
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I was really, really sick.
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And after that experience, I stopped eating meat just because I had been so sick that I was really disgusted by meat.
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So to my knowledge, there wasn't any real ethical driver of that decision.
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So basically, she became a vegetarian by accident.
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But her new habits allowed her to open her eyes to the dark side of the meat industry
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and to our own psychology.
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What shocked me perhaps even more than what I was learning about animal agriculture was
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that nobody I talked to about what I was learning was willing to hear what I had to say.
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They would say things like, don't tell me that you'll ruin my meal.
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Or they would call me a crazy, vegan, hippie propagandist.
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And these were my friends and family.
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These were people who were, you know, cared about animals.
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They were people who certainly cared about justice, social justice.
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They were people who were rational and compassionate, you know, just like myself.
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Um, and so I became very curious as to why people just stop thinking
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and feeling when it came to this issue of eating animals.
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And this led me to do my doctoral dissertation on the psychology of eating animals.
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My question wasn't really why people shouldn't eat animals.
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My question was why do people eat animals?
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This is where her research led her.
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She wanted to understand the logic of the slaughter industry and the thinking of the people who work there.
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People like Geralt Otto.
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That's a great question.
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Do I love animals?
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To me, an animal welfare officer in a slaughterhouse.
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I like working with animals, so yes, I have an affinity for them.
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The Goldschmaus slaughterhouse is one of Germany's ten largest pig slaughterhouses.
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We have hundreds of employees, and we slaughter around 35 ,000 animals here weekly.
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The last hours in the lives of these hogs follow a clear, sober script.
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The procedure here is for the animals to be unloaded via two ramps.
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You can see them here on the left.
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When they arrive at the slaughterhouse, the pigs weigh around 120 kilograms and are about six months old.
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We have space for 900 animals animals.
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That number is more than double the hourly slaughter capacity, so the animals actually have an hour to an hour and a half rest period.
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That's important for the quality of the meat.
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Stress has a negative effect on quality, and of course we want to deliver the best product." The pace at
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which the pigs are killed is set by the assembly line in the neighboring meat -processing plant.
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We anesthetize the animals with CO2 at a concentration of 92%.
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It's a common procedure.
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The animals are transported in a lift, a patanoster with five gondolas.
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The pig in the gondola goes.. down into the CO2 atmosphere and is stunned.
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The controversial thing about the CO2 stunning is the animal's defense reaction.
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CO2, or carbonic acid, irritates the mucous membranes and the pig has difficulty breathing.
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Footage taken by animal rights activists at another slaughterhouse shows how pigs suffer in a CO2 -stunning plant.
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The rising CO2 content in the blood produces a feeling of suffocation.
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That's why research is being done on other procedures,
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but so far no practical alternative So the pigs will continue to be subjected to this procedure.
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1 .7 million animals per year in this plant alone.
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Afterwards, they have a maximum of 70 seconds to live.
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Their throats are then cut and they bleed out.
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The living creatures have turned into carcasses.
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We've learned to believe that a pig is a pig and all pigs are the same.
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Carnism teaches us to think of farmed animals as abstractions,
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as lacking any individuality or personality of their own.
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Yes, we can.
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It's okay to eat animals.
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Of course, we have to do it responsibly.
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But then I believe it's acceptable to eat animals because of their high nutritional value.
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We think of them as abstractions, and this makes it easier for us to support violence against them.
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I think that everyone can and should be allowed to eat what they want.
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It's a myth.
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This is the belief in a hierarchy of moral worth, that certain individuals or groups are more worthy of moral consideration,
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of being treated with respect, than others.
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Of course, it's always difficult when the meat -eater gets lectured on what they should be doing.
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Carnism is what's called a dominant belief system or ideology.
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It is so widespread that its tenets, its teachings, are invisible.
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They're woven through the very fabric of society.
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They're embraced and maintained by all major social institutions, from the family to the state.
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When you're born into a dominant belief system, you internalize it.
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We learn to look at the world through the lens of carnism.
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In her interviews with meat producers and meat eaters, the same patterns emerge over and over again, says Melanie Joy.
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The way that we learn to justify eating animals is by learning to believe
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that the myths of eating animals are the facts of eating animals.
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And there's a wide mythology surrounding carnism,
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but all of these carnistic myths fall under what I refer to as the three ends of justification.
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Eating animals is normal, natural and necessary.
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But isn't that exactly how it is?
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Take natural for a start.
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Aren't we humans carnivorous by nature?
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From a purely biological viewpoint, humans are omnivores.
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Historian Ilya Steffelbauer is researching the cultural history of meat.
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But for the majority of our existence, we were primarily meat -eaters.
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He has traced today's social issue back to the beginnings of humankind.
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You can see it most clearly in our digestive tract, the construction of our intestines.
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Unlike gorillas and chimpanzees, we're not really good at breaking down plant food with a low energy content, such as leaves and the like.
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Our intestines' construction is tailored more to breaking down food that's already been pre -digested in some way.
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This could be due to the use of fire, but it's even better at directly breaking down proteins and high -fat food.
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Our ancestors probably had a similar diet to chimpanzees, consisting mainly of fruit, tubers and leaves.
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But more than two million years ago, the savannah spread across Africa, and our ancestors left the forest.
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Soon after, they lost their fur, and the naked apes evolved the astonishing ability to sweat more than any other animal.
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According to the endurance -running hypothesis, sweating and nakedness are the result of our early desire for meat.
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Imagine you are a large mammal in Africa.
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It's very hot, it's very dry, there are very few water holes.
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Your diet consists of grass and such like.
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You have to eat constantly in order to consume enough grass for your energy needs.
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Combine that with the water you need to survive in the savannah, and you've no time to spare.
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That's the life of the big mammal.
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And they overheat very quickly too.
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But now these small mammals arrive on the scene, peculiar little monkeys, very energy efficient.
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They don't overheat quickly, and what's more, they've come up with the idea that they don't have to depend on certain waterholes, but instead they carry their water around with them.
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And all they have to do is to make sure that you, as a large, easily overheated mammal, don't get to rest.
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They prevent you from drinking, from resting and from cooling down.
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In a very short time, you die of dehydration.
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So all our proto -human ancestors needed to do was to be incredibly annoying.
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In the mid -20th century, researchers began to look closely at the few remaining hunter -gatherer societies.
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Such as the Kong, here in the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa.
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Although they no longer live in the Stone Age, just like the people back then, they eat what nature has to offer.
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They don't plant anything or keep substantial reserves, but trust with each new day that they will find enough to eat.
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Anthropologists observe the same phenomena across the world.
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All these societies eat animals, sometimes covering up to 90 % of their energy needs with meat.
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The food that was so important in the later diet of our sedentary farming era, all these carbohydrate -rich grains and tubers,
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from wheat to potatoes if you like, they are virtually absent from the natural diet of these people.
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For more than a million years, the diet of our ancestors remained largely unchanged.
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Even when Homo sapiens emerged and spread across the continents, the world remained firmly in the hands of the hunter -gatherers, until around 14 ,000 years ago,
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when a development in the Middle East changed everything, people became sedentary.
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And then something very peculiar happened.
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As long as they were nomadic, they could only carry a limited number of infants on their journeys
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and a limited number of old people who were no longer fully mobile.
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Well, practically all hunter -gatherer societies have mechanisms for keeping these ratios in functioning proportions, on the one hand by controlling their reproduction,
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so not having more children than they can provide for, and in some cases by abandoning the elderly if they became an unmanageable burden.
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When humans became sedentary, this wasn't necessary.
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They no longer had a child once every four years, but once every two years.
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And anyone who has paid attention in Matz knows what that means.
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In a very short time, the population started to grow exponentially.
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To feed the rapidly growing population, people started farming.
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For the first time, they no longer just took from the environment what they happened to find, but intentionally grew their own food.
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These people developed an incredible arsenal of agricultural technologies.
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They domesticated all kinds of animals and plants, and they also started developing these plants.
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They selectively bred crops and livestock, and they spread.
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Crop farmers had an average dispersal rate of about 20 kilometers per generation.
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So if you take a settlement of farmers, you'll find the next generation establish their own settlement about a day's walk away, at a distance of about 20 to 30 kilometers.
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And if you trace this over the millennia, you have an accurate picture of the advance of farming.
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During the Neolithic Revolution, people's diet also changed radically.
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In a relatively short time, the 40, 50, 60 percent of meat eaten in the hunter -gatherer diet dropped
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to 10 -15 percent of animal products consumed in the sedentary diet, if the farmers were lucky.
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And even at an early stage, a very large population of the U .S.
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The proportion of this wasn't meat, but animal by -products, eggs and milk.
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The historian Ilya Steffenbauer has traced the status of meat from antiquity through the Middle Ages to modern times.
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Meat remained throughout a rare but integral part of the diet, and at most times was cherished as a precious substance.
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The poor ate bread, animals were sacrificed to the gods.
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And that remained the case until the end of the 19th century, until the 20th century in many regions.
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Here in Central Europe, in the German -speaking countries, it was quite the status quo till after the Second World War.
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What do people live on then?
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Mainly from their daily bread, so from carbohydrates of some kind.
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Bread, noodles in the south, potatoes, dumplings, whatever it's always some kind of carbohydrate.
210
Anything else is extra.
211
Meat and vegetables made up a very small portion of the diet.
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And that's why we're so greedy for meat.
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It's not just our species history that makes us crave more meat.
214
In this long period of scarcity, meat became prestigious." to a prestige food.
215
150 years ago, the railroad spread across the United States, and the common diet was revolutionized once again.
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Trains transported animals cheaply from the southern states to the hungry cities, and beef became a food for the masses.
217
The first modern slaughterhouse was built in Chicago.
218
We all know the story of Henry Ford and his automobile assembly line.
219
Henry Ford actually copied the assembly line principle from the slaughterhouses.
220
The first industrial production with a conveyor belt was not for putting a car together, but for taking a cow apart.
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After the two world wars, what we now call the Western pattern diet, became more established in industrialized nations.
222
The post -war economic boom led to an explosion in European meat consumption.
223
And the problem that soon became apparent is
224
that we didn't compensate for this massive increase in meat consumption by adopting the rest of the hunter -gatherer diet.
225
Suddenly, we're eating much more meat, but we're still eating as many carbohydrates as before, just not enough vegetables.
226
And, well, we all know how that ends.
227
A look at the history of human evolution shows
228
that our living conditions determine our diet at least as much as our genes.
229
So how carnivorous are we?
230
The answer depends on how deeply we look into the past.
231
eating meat can be considered natural, but is it necessary?
232
And do we, like lions, have no choice?
233
What's your name?
234
Carina with a C.
235
Okay.
236
Nico Rittenau is a nutritionist, best -selling author and ardent vegan.
237
His books call for a fundamental change in our eating habits.
238
The current Western pattern diet is a disaster.
239
It provides too much of what is harmful in excess, and too little of the essential nutrients we need to survive.
240
We are overeating but undernourished.
241
But it's also not true that meat per se is unhealthy, as the media sometimes suggests.
242
Even if I'm personally vegan, I'm primarily a nutritionist, and the data does not show that all meat consumption isn't healthy.
243
Meat and other animal products are nutrient -rich foods when produced properly.
244
But Nico Retenau believes that we're no longer dependent on these nutrient -rich foods today.
245
In his cooking shows and lectures, he debunks common misconceptions.
246
Animal products don't monopolize certain nutrients.
247
We don't need meat, but the minerals in meat.
248
We don't need milk and dairy products, but the calcium and other nutrients from cheese and milk.
249
We don't need fish, but omega -3.
250
We don't need eggs, we need protein and choline.
251
We don't need animal products, we need the nutrients that are in the animal products." But the fact is,
252
throughout the history of our species, we have always eaten meat.
253
And most of us still find meat simply delicious.
254
Isn't that our body's way of telling us something?
255
Yes, no. It would be nice if nutritional deficiencies could be corrected by following our instincts.
256
So if we developed a preference for certain foods, it would be a sign we needed a couple of vitamins or minerals.
257
But in reality we are actually victims of our own preferences because although they're evolutionary and made sense in the past, they don't work in today's conditions.
258
We have a natural preference for salt, because salt, sodium, was rare in our ancestral diet.
259
But then we discovered table salt and put it in all our food for preservation and flavor enhancement.
260
So today it's excessive.
261
Our preference for salt, however, is strong as ever, and there's no stopping us when it comes to well -salted junk food and fast food.
262
We have an innate preference for sweet foods too, because in nature sweet -tasting ripe fruit is a good source of carbohydrates.
263
And our brain is carbohydrate -hungry.
264
But nowadays, this preference for quick -fix carbohydrates, for sweet tastes, is often our undoing.
265
And we eat far too much sweet food, because sugar is a cheap commodity that can be added to everything.
266
The same goes for other taste preferences we have.
267
So when people say we should eat more intuitively, I would say no, we should resist.
268
We should use our brains and not trust our good feelings so much.
269
In fact, today we have access to several alternative sources for the nutrients available in animal products.
270
You can find protein, for instance in soybeans, iron in lentils, calcium in spinach.
271
The most critical nutrient is vitamin B12.
272
It's essential to the maintenance of our nervous system.
273
A deficiency can lead to incurable damage.
274
B12 is found mainly in animal products, but animals don't produce it themselves.
275
It's a waste product of bacteria.
276
Ruminants, like cows and sheep, have these bacteria working for them in their largest stomach, or rumen.
277
In monkeys and apes, like us for example, B12 is produced in small quantities in the colon.
278
But because it can only be absorbed in the small intestine, the body has no access to it.
279
Gorillas have a pragmatic solution.
280
They eat their own feces from time to time.
281
But if that's not for you, and you wish to completely avoid animal products, you'll have to take B12 in tablet form.
282
This issue, taking B12 as a food supplement, is often presented as an obstacle or a counter -argument to veganism.
283
But it's misleading.
284
For one, those on a Western -pattern diet are already supplementing.
285
First of all, through iodine prophylaxis, We enrich our salt with iodine, because otherwise we wouldn't consume enough iodine.
286
And then in classical animal husbandry, animal feed is enriched with a whole range of vital substances.
287
The pigs, cows and chickens are supplied with all the extra minerals and vitamins they need for optimal growth.
288
Our argument is that we should simply remove the middle fish, cow or pig from the equation.
289
Your camera running, Urs?
290
Go ahead.
291
In his YouTube videos, Nico Rittenau explains how this can work with our own diets.
292
Ultimately, he says a healthy life does not depend on whether we eat animals.
293
What's important is the answer to two general questions.
294
Number one, what nutrients are essential for the survival of the human body?
295
And where can I get them?
296
And on the other hand, while I'm procuring these essential nutrients,
297
I can ensure that those substances which are bad for my health when excessive are simply not excessively supplied.
298
And if I can ensure these two things, I have an array of dietary options.
299
Vegan, vegetarian, western pattern diet, high carb, low carb, Atkins, ketogenic, whatever.
300
This is pigeonholing, of course.
301
But all these options can cover our nutrient requirements correctly.
302
Historically, we've been dependent on animal products for a very long time and in parts of the world we still are.
303
But today in the global north we can eat healthily without animal products.
304
Eating meat is not a necessity.
305
This leaves the third N – normal.
306
I'm already in the seventh generation.
307
The farm has been in family hands since 1855.
308
Florian Boucherie keeps ducks and geese on his farm in Perigord.
309
How normal you find what he does with them probably depends on where you are watching this program from, because Florian Boucherie is a proud producer of duck liver pâté.
310
As you can see, the neck pouch is filled right down to the bottom so in rearing.
311
It's of the utmost importance to prepare the animal well.
312
If the animal is well prepared, you risk nothing in the process.
313
So the pouch is full.
314
It's very stretchy, very elastic.
315
It's been banned in almost all European countries, including Germany.
316
In France, however, foie gras is part of the national heritage.
317
You can give points in different categories — for presentation, warmth, originality.
318
At the foie gras challenge in Paris, culinary talents from all over the country present their creations in front of a renowned jury.
319
My kitchen is a kitchen of memories.
320
It's inspired by my father.
321
Every Christmas he'd serve a dish known as foie gras with apple.
322
Although the tradition is increasingly criticized here too, people of all generations associate foie gras with the smell of childhood and the cozy Christmas feeling.
323
In meat -eating cultures around the world, people learn to classify a small handful of animals as edible
324
and all the rest they classify as inedible and often disgusting to consume.
325
And people around the world tend to view their own choices of
326
which animals to consume or which animals are edible as rational
327
and the choices of other cultures as irrational and often even offensive and disgusting.
328
What we consider normal always depends on what culture we grow up in
329
and at what time many things we reject today were once normal
330
so normality alone is not a useful value
331
when a behavior is no longer seen as a necessity then it becomes a choice
332
and once a behavior becomes a choice rather than a necessity it takes on an ethical dimension
333
that it didn't have in quite the same way before
334
So our typical answers to the question of why we eat
335
meat serve for the most part to deflect another uncomfortable question – is it morally right to eat animals?
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В этом видео 335 предложений и 4267 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 31:35. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 135 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. Только 80% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
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15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| nutrient существительное | /ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/ | пита́тельное вещество́ |
| pig существительное | /ˈpɪɡ/ | свинья́, бо́ров |
| belief существительное | /bɪˈliːf/ | ве́ра, дове́рие |
| preference существительное | /ˈpɹɛf(ə)ɹ(ə)ns/ | предпочте́ние, префере́нция |
| hunter существительное | /ˈhʌntɚ/ | охо́тничья соба́ка |
| necessity существительное | /nɪˈsɛsəti/ | необходи́мость, нужда́ |
| procedure существительное | /pɹəˈsiː.d͡ʒə/ | процеду́ра, ме́тод |
| vegan существительное | /ˈviːɡən/ | ве́ган, вега́н |
| consume глагол | /kənˈsum/ | потреблять, расходовать |
| survival существительное | /sɚˈvaɪ.vəl/ | выжива́ние |
| consumption существительное | /kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/ | потребле́ние, расхо́д |
| disgusting прилагательное | /dɪsˈɡʌstɪŋ/ | отврати́тельный, омерзи́тельный |
| substance существительное | /ˈsʌbstəns/ | вещество́, субста́нция |
| trace существительное | /tɹeɪs/ | слежка, прослушка |
| farmer существительное | /ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/ | крестья́нин, фе́рмер |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| break down глагол | ломаться, сломаться | |
| grow up глагол | расти́, выраста́ть | |
| come up with глагол | придумывать, приходить в голову | |
| cool down глагол | /kuːl ˈdaʊn/ | остыва́ть, осты́ть |
| end up глагол | зака́нчиваться, зако́нчиться | |
| go ahead глагол | /ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/ | дава́й, приступа́йте |
| make up глагол | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | составля́ть, соста́вить |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | have been saved · has not conditioned · we've also learned |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | have been saved · is not made · was really disgusted |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | survival, which is · people who cannot · person who cared |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 59 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, I'm, we're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: myth /mɪθ/, ethical /ˈɛθɪkəl/, worthy /ˈwɝ.ði/, breathe /bɹiːð/, seventh /ˈsɛvənθ/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: consumption /kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/, delicious /dɪˈlɪ.ʃəs/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, nutritional /njuːˈtɹɪʃ.ə.nəl/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: necessity /nɪˈsɛsəti/, primarily /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹə.li/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, vegetarian /vɛ.d͡ʒɪˈtɛ.ɹi.ən/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как nutrient, pig, belief.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.