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Scientists finally did it.

They've discovered life on Mars.

Maybe.

To fully understand what they've found and what this discovery means for you, let me take you back in time.

But I'm not just going to take you back one billion years.

We're going to start much, much further back in history.

Billions of years ago, Mars wasn't a simple, lifeless red rock.

It had a thick atmosphere, pleasant temperatures, and liquid surface water.

Think beachfront.

Back then, Mars might have been a better location for life to take hold than Earth.

And maybe it did have living organisms on it.

So let's start at the beginning.

And by that, I mean the beginning of the planets in our Solar System, around 4.5 billion years ago.

On Mars, this period is known as the pre-Noachian.

Mars has just formed from dust and gas in the protoplanetary disk, just like Earth did.

Pieces of debris clamped into a planet with a dense core, a rocky mantle, and a crust.

And this planet was slammed with swirling space rocks.

In its early years, Mars had a very dense atmosphere, atmosphere, and an ocean so big it covered one-third of the planet.

At first, the planet was super hot, but slowly, between 4.3-4.4 billion years ago, it cooled down.

Fast forward to the Noachian period, about 4 billion years ago.

This was a time of heavy asteroid and comet bombardments, and widespread volcanic activity.

So basically, everything that could blast gas, vapor, and dust into the atmosphere was doing it.

It was a perfect place for life to put down roots.

All these gases created a thick atmosphere, and the planet heated up thanks to the good old greenhouse effect.

Suddenly, Mars had clouds, valleys, lakes, and even rain.

Likely acid rain.

And this acid rain wasn't just destructive, it may have been useful.

As it dissolved Martian rocks, it released minerals and nutrients into rivers and lakes, providing a chemical buffet for any microbes trying to survive.

Not harsh for you, but a probable paradise for tiny alien life.

Then, somewhere between 4.1 and 3.7 billion years ago, things started going downhill.

the interior of Mars cooled off, and its magnetic field dissipated.

Now, that's a problem for life.

You might not think about magnetic fields very often, but without them, planets die.

That's because without a magnetosphere, nothing is protecting the planet from solar wind.

And that wind strips planets of their atmosphere.

How does it do it?

Well, solar wind isn't like the wind you know.

It's a stream of charged particles coming from the Sun.

These particles slam into the air molecules and knock off their electrons.

Without electrons, air molecules become ionized and get knocked into space.

Oof!

There's no air left on the planet.

So that's how Mars started to lose its atmosphere. So what?

Well, keep in mind, without an atmosphere, there's no way to keep the temperature stable, and no way to keep water on the ground.

That meant that the hotspots for life to arise on Mars became smaller.

The clock was ticking.

But the conditions for life were holding on.

All is not lost.

You still got this, Mars.

Now, not long in cosmic terms, after losing its magnetic field, Mars started to look more like Earth today.

Yeah, 3.7 billion years ago was a great time for this red rock.

It was the beginning of the Hesperian period.

Mars may still have had a northern ocean around this time, though scientists think it was shrinking fast.

Still, it was the perfect place for Mars to be teeming with tiny early Martians.

At this very same time, Earth kick-started primitive life on its surface.

It was the beginning of the chain reaction for all life on our planet.

It's also the period of time between 3.2 and 3.8 billion years ago, when something mysterious happened on Mars.

Something that left potential biosignatures on the Martian rocks.

When scientists discovered these biosignatures, they knew they were onto something big.

Well, I actually have one of the scientists who worked on the discovery Right here with me, Dr. Ed Clutis.

So, Dr. Clutis, is there life on Mars?

We haven't found life on Mars.

We found possible remains of life on Mars.

And when we analyzed it in detail, we detected things like organic molecules, which is always a sign of possible life.

Where we find this assemblage of minerals and organic molecules on Earth, it's inevitably associated with biology.

This discovery started when NASA's Perseverance rover was out cruising the Jezero Crater, which used to be a huge Martian lake and river delta.

Perseverance rolled through the Naretva Vallis, which is basically Martian for the now-dry Naretva Valley.

We call it Vallis instead of Valley for the same reason we call Martian days Sols and not Days.

Because it's Latin, and it sounds cooler.

Anyway, Naretfa Valis is about 400 metres wide.

That's 1,300 feet.

Back in the day, it had a big river flowing through it.

And it was here that Perseverance investigated sedimentary rocks like clay and silt,

which are really good at preserving evidence of previous microbial life.

Perseverance poked around some odd-looking mudstone rocks found what could be the signatures of two iron-rich minerals,

vivianite and greigite.

These colorful leopard spots in this image could be fossilized signs that microbial life existed on Mars billions of years ago.

Yeah, that's right, microbes.

That's what's at the core of the excitement around this core sample that Perseverance investigated.

When we look at these spots, we could be looking at evidence of ancient life on Mars.

Now, one thing NASA's rovers can't do is go back in time

and capture Mars exactly like it was 3.5 billion years ago.

Which is fine, because on What If? we don't have a Mars rover.

We have something better or worse.

Uh, definitely better.

Hey Chase heads, so uh, this is Mars.

3.5 bill years ago, uh, 3.5 billion years before Chase.

Before humanity.

Before uh, I don't know, like big numbers ago.

Pre-dino, pre-robot, pre-robot chicken?

You know, all that stuff.

It actually looks pretty sweet, you know? But life?

Nah, I don't see it.

Nothing.

Well, nobody said there would be walking,

talking aliens, but you're looking at a river that's potentially churning with all kinds of single cell organisms.

I mean, it's cool here.

I always think of Mars as like, you know, red, but it's like beautiful.

It's like blue skies, you know, water.

100

Check it out.

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I mean, I guess the dirt is still pretty red, but like, you know, look, Martian clouds.

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Pretty cool.

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The air's...

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...unbreathable.

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You still need a spacesuit.

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But it's pretty, you know?

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And thankfully, seems pretty safe.

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Look, okay.

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You guys wanted me to show you what life was like in this potentially historical spot, right?

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So, here you go!

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It's a bunch of dirt and stuff.

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You can't see anything without a proper microscope.

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So honestly, disappointing.

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Very disappointing.

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Yeah, that appearance was disappointing.

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It's true, even though this recent discovery was the best proof of ancient life on Mars,

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it's very unlikely that life was anything but microbes.

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And while Perseverance has collected a number of samples, we still have to get those samples back to Earth so we can study them properly.

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The current plan is a sample return mission in 2030, and I believe the samples would come back to Earth in 2031.

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Yeah, getting those rocks back is a complicated process.

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NASA is looking at sending a whole team of robots to get these samples

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and bring them back to Earth on a European Space Agency orbiter.

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But until that happens, we won't know for sure if there was ancient life on Mars.

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But we do know that back in this Hesperian period, Mars was still rocking active volcanoes, only not for long.

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As its magnetic field dissipated, the temperature dropped, Mars was losing its atmosphere, and water became locked into ice.

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Whenever asteroids smashed into Mars,

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the impacts superheated the underground water and created explosive flash floods, Martian tsunamis.

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And here's something cool to think about.

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We know that billions of years ago, chunks of Mars often got blasted off the planet and landed on Earth.

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We have over 400 pieces of space rock with Martian origins.

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Which means, if life was common on Mars back 3.5 billion years ago, Could you yourself be from Mars?

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It'd be wild, but anything is possible.

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There's a theory that life on Earth originated from microbes that immigrated to our planet, traveling on space dust, meteoroids,

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asteroids, comets, or even spacecraft.

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Now, Earth didn't see the first multicellular animals until about 800 million years ago.

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And those were just sponges.

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They could be sponges from Mars. Who knows?

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But I'm going to carry it away now.

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And this video is called What If You Lived On Mars 1 billion years ago, not 3 billion years ago.

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So as exciting as this time was for Mars, let's fast forward a little more.

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By the end of the Hesperian Period, things started going downhill for Mars.

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While its neighbor Earth was welcoming life, changing its atmosphere and reshaping its surface,

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Mars was losing all the things that life could hold onto.

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2.9 billion years ago, the Martian magnetosphere was gone.

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And without it, solar winds did what solar winds do and stripped much of the atmosphere.

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The air had become thinner and could no longer retain heat.

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Very quickly, Mars was becoming cooler and drier.

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And that's bad news for the water on its surface.

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As the temperatures fell well below freezing, liquid water was disappearing.

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But it was still there.

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Yeah, at this point, Mars still had some of its briny, salty water in isolated areas.

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But if you look around, you'll see that most of the oceans, rivers, lakes are gone.

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Volcanoes were on their way out too.

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As Mars was cooling off, the volcanoes became less frequent.

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But you could still see Olympus Mons erupting occasionally.

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And these eruptions temporarily made Mars just a little warmer.

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Yeah, every time Olympus Mons erupted, it didn't just spread lava.

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It spewed out greenhouse gases.

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For a short while, Mars may have warmed up, melting ice and unleashing sudden floods.

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These eruptions could be seen as the planet's last attempt to stay habitable.

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Now, what about all that potential life?

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Well, it's horrible news for those microbes, too.

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Now, back on Earth, microbes were thriving.

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Cyanobacteria started photosynthesis and pumped oxygen into the air.

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this began changing the composition of Earth's atmosphere.

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But Mars wasn't going in that direction.

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It started to get a cold, red desert vibe.

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Even if microbial life did exist 3.5 billion years on Mars, now, well, it was dying in this increasingly hostile environment.

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The only chance it had of surviving would be underground, protected from the harsh surface.

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If anything could survive on Mars, it'd have to be tough as hell, and it would probably have to be below the surface, maybe a meter, a few meters.

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If any Martian microbes survive, they likely abandoned the surface and retreated underground into aquifers,

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caves, or close to geothermal hotspots, shielded from the radiation or freezing air above.

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OK, finally, we fast forward to one billion years ago.

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That's what you've been waiting for, right?

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Well, that's too bad, because this is when Mars was inevitably becoming what it is today.

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A red, lifeless rock.

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This period of Martian history is called the Amazonian.

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It started 2.9 billion years ago, and it's still going on as of today.

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Yeah, that's right.

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Mars has looked like this for a very long time.

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Dry, dusty, rusty red.

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whether it was two billion years ago, or one billion, or two years ago.

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If you lived on Mars, life would be the same.

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To be clearer, there wouldn't be any, at least not that we know of.

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So here you are, in the middle of the Red Desert.

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The atmosphere is thin, composed mostly of carbon dioxide, and the surface pressure is low, about 1% of Earth's.

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surface water doesn't exist, or if it does, it doesn't last, it vaporizes.

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Plus, it's freezing.

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By now, the average surface temperature has plummeted to about minus 60 degrees Celsius.

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That's negative 76 degrees Fahrenheit.

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But occasionally Olympus Mons erupts and warms up the surrounding area.

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If you don't know, Olympus Mons isn't your average volcano.

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At about 22 kilometers or 14 miles high, it's the largest volcano in the solar system.

194

Yeah, three times taller than Mount Everest and about the size of the entire state of Arizona.

195

It started forming three and a half billion years ago.

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For billions of years, it was growing, turning into a giant.

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It was able to do this without any interference because

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Mars doesn't have plate tectonics beneath its crust to move this mountain around.

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And one billion years ago, it was still active.

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Not as active as in its best years, but it wasn't dormant.

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It spewed lava for hundreds of kilometers and reshaped and warmed the Martian surface around it.

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Back then, it could have been a Martian's last resort.

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All that underground heat could have created hydrothermal systems, which are a really good place for microbes to hide from the harsh surface conditions.

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Today, Olympus Mons is silent, just a giant pimple on the Martian surface, one that's visible from space.

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I had one of those before senior prom.

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From this point on, Mars didn't change much.

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Now, without an atmosphere or water, its surface is primarily changed by erosion, some late-stage volcanism, and lava flows.

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Strong winds also shaped Mars, creating sand dunes and flattening the plains.

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There could be underground water, but no oceans.

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And here and there, there's faint evidence of life, like these leopard spots on rocks that shouldn't have spots.

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You know, the search for life on Mars is going to get harder as time goes on.

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The spacecraft we send now, we decontaminate them as much as we can so that if we do find organic molecules or possible biosignatures,

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we're pretty sure that it's not contamination brought from the Earth.

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But once you start sending people up there, I mean, we're just bags of microbes and germs, right?

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So once we start sending people up there, finding unambiguous signs of life is going to be harder

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because we're not going to be sure that it's not contaminants that we brought ourselves to Mars.

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Mars action!

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Oh, look.

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Storm's coming.

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That's not obvious at all.

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Maybe one day you'll set foot on Mars, build a base, grow some potatoes, try your best to last longer than five seconds here.

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But that's a story for another WHAT IF.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «What If You Lived on Mars 1 Billion Years Ago?». Чаще всего повторяются слова: Mars, billion, Martian, atmosphere, surface. В этом видео 222 предложений и 2460 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 18:32. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 133 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. Только 78% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
microbe существительное	/ˈmaɪkɹoʊb/	микро́б
molecule существительное	/ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/	моле́кула
volcano существительное	/vɑlˈkeɪ.noʊ/	вулка́н
magnetic прилагательное	/mæɡˈnɛtɪk/	магни́тный
erupt глагол	/ɪˈɹʌpt/	изверга́ть, изверга́ться
asteroid существительное	/ˈæst(ə)ɹɔɪd/	астеро́ид, ма́лая плане́та
disappoint глагол	/ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnt/	разочаро́вывать, разочарова́ть
lava существительное	/ˈlɑvə/	ла́ва
mineral существительное	/ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/	минера́л
freeze глагол	/ˈfɹiːz/	замерза́ть, замёрзнуть
harsh прилагательное	/ˈhɑɹʃ/	жёсткий, твёрдый
lifeless прилагательное	/ˈlaɪfləs/	безжи́зненный, бездыха́нный
magnetosphere существительное	/mæɡˈni.təˌsfɪr/	магнитосфе́ра
spew глагол	/spjuː/	изрыга́ть, изверга́ть
eruption существительное	/ɪˈɹʌpʃən/	изверже́ние

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Произношение	Значение
cool off глагол		остыва́ть, осты́ть
warm up глагол	/ˌwɔː(ɹ)m ˈʌp/	нагрева́ться, нагре́ться
cool down глагол	/kuːl ˈdaʊn/	остыва́ть, осты́ть
heat up глагол		разогрева́ть, разогре́ть
look around глагол		осма́триваться, осмотре́ться
put down глагол		ста́вить, поста́вить

Фразы, которые стоит повторять

Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:

Before uh, I don't know, like big numbers ago.
Nah, I don't see it.
I mean, it's cool here.
It's like blue skies, you know, water.
You can't see anything without a proper microscope.

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Условные предложения if + предложение, will/would + глагол — условие и его результат	if you look around, you'll see · If you lived on Mars, life would be
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	They've discovered · they've found · has just formed
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	is known · was slammed · is not lost
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете	molecules, which is · Vallis, which is · systems, which are

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 36 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, wasn't, we're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «sh» и «zh»: harsh /ˈhɑɹʃ/, eruption /ɪˈɹʌpʃən/, erosion /ɪˈɹəʊʒən/, contamination /kənˌtæm.əˈneɪ.ʃən/, smash /smæʃ/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: microbial /maɪˈkɹəʊ.bi.əl/, magnetosphere /mæɡˈni.təˌsfɪr/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, inevitably /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbli/, contaminant /kənˈtamɪnənt/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: aquifer /ˈɑkwɪfɝ/, widespread /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/
/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: harsh /ˈhɑɹʃ/, downhill /ˌdaʊnˈhɪl/, greenhouse /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/, hostile /ˈhɑstəl/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: microbe /ˈmaɪkɹoʊb/, asteroid /ˈæst(ə)ɹɔɪd/, freeze /ˈfɹiːz/, sponge /spʌnd͡ʒ/, leopard /ˈlɛp.ɚd/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как microbe, molecule, volcano.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

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