Shadowing Practice: Listening Test 3. Part 4: Microplastics - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Part 4.
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You will hear part of an environmental science lecture about microplastics.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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In today's lecture, I'm going to be talking about microplastics.
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Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic smaller than 5 mm in size.
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Recently, there's been a greater awareness that there are large quantities of plastic waste, big and small, in the environment.
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The amount of plastic waste in the oceans has received widespread attention,
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but far less is known about the effects of microplastics in freshwater and particularly in soil oil.
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Microplastics can enter the environment via a number of different sources.
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Threads and microfibres detach from synthetic clothing every time they're put in a washing machine,
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and these find their way into the water system.
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Other sources include big pieces of plastic waste that are already in the environment,
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and these break down into microscopic particles over a period of time.
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On a larger scale, factory waste is another route, as our tyres, which wear down as cars,
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lorries and so on, travel along road surfaces.
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We already understand some of the impacts of microplastics from studies involving fish and other animals.
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There is evidence that microplastics harm small creatures in a variety of ways, such as by damaging their mouths,
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or by impairing their ability to feed, for example when microplastics get lodged in their digestive system.
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Surprisingly, perhaps, it is likely that humans consume microplastics, as these have been detected in a wide range of food and drink products,
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including bottled water, as well as in water that comes direct from the tap.
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What's more, salt and many kinds of seafood have also been found to contain microplastics.
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However, it's important to underline that there is not yet conclusive proof that microplastics cause significant harm to people.
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In many countries, including here in the UK, there is legislation which prevents manufacturers from adding plastic microbeads to shower gels,
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facial cleansers and toothpaste.
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It is very difficult to accurately estimate the total amount of
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microplastic particles in the soil as they can be hard to detect
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but we do know they are carried in the air and deposited in the soil by rain.
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What's more many of the fertilizers used by both farmers and gardeners contain microplastics.
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A team from the Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge has carried
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out a study of the effects of microplastics on the digestive tracts of earthworms.
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These worms, which live in topsoil, are an essential component of our agricultural system.
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By feeding on soil, they mix nutrients into it, thereby making it more fertile.
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The researchers set out to discover whether the introduction of microplastics into the soil
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and the subsequent ingestion of these by earthworms would impact soil quality and ultimately inhibit plant growth.
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The short answer was yes, it did.
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After placing three different types of microplastic particles into the soil, they planted perennial ryegrass.
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The particles of microplastic, which included biodegradable PLA and conventional high-density polyethylene,
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or HTPE, were then ingested by the earthworms in the soil.
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The result was that the worms lost weight rapidly.
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What's more, a lower percentage than normal of the ryegrass seeds germinated, and the researchers concluded
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that this was a direct result of the earthworms being unable to fulfil their normal role in making soil more fertile.
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The team also discovered that there was an increase in the amount of acid found in the soil,
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and this was attributed mainly to the microplastic particles from conventional HDPE plastic.
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The conclusions of the study make for very interesting reading.
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I've included the reference in the notes to give you at the end of this session.
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To summarise, the authors proposed the idea that we need to regard soil as we would regard any other process in nature.
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This means we should accept the implications of soil being dependent on decaying
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and dead matter constantly being passed through the bodies of earthworms.
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That is, when soil becomes impoverished by the presence of microplastics,
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not only ecosystems but also the whole of society are negatively impacted.
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That is the end of part four.
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Thank you.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları

Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “Listening Test 3. Part 4: Microplastics” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: microplastic, soil, plastic, earthworms, particles. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 53 cümle ve 698 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 5:39 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 124 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin yalnızca %77’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.

Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler

Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:

KelimeTelaffuzAnlam
microplastic isimmikroplastik
earthworm isim/ˈɜː(ɹ)θˌwɜː(ɹ)m/yer solucanı
particle isim/ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/parçacık
fertile sıfat/ˈfɝːtəl/verimli, bitek
worm isim/wɝm/kurt, solucan
researcher isim/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/araştırmacı, araştırıcı
conclusive sıfat/kənˈkluːsɪv/anlaşılan, anlaşılmış
germinate fiil/ˈd͡ʒɜː(ɹ)mɪneɪt/bitmek, filizlenmek
impair fiil/ɪmˈpɛɹ/azaltmak, kötüleştirmek
impoverish fiil/ɪmˈpɒv(ə)ɹɪʃ/yoksullaştırmak, fakirleştirmek
inhibit fiil/ɪnˈhɪbɪt/engellemek, kısıtlamak
microscopic sıfat/ˌmaɪ.kɹəˈskɑ.pɪk/mikroskobik
polyethylene isimpolietilen
summarize fiil/ˈsʌməˌɹaɪz/özetlemek
toothpaste isim/ˈtuθpeɪst/diş macunu

Bu videodaki dil bilgisi

Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:

YapıVideoda
Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemliis known · have been detected · been found
Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylemhas received · have been detected · have also been found

Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar

Konuşmacı I'm, I've, they're gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 3 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.

  • “th” sesleri: earthworm /ˈɜː(ɹ)θˌwɜː(ɹ)m/, toothpaste /ˈtuθpeɪst/, synthetic /sɪnˈθɛtɪk/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/
  • “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: impoverish /ɪmˈpɒv(ə)ɹɪʃ/, freshwater /ˈfɹɛʃˌwɔːtə(ɹ)/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/
  • Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: biodegradable /(ˌ)baɪoʊdəˈɡɹeɪdəbl̩/, impoverish /ɪmˈpɒv(ə)ɹɪʃ/, microscopic /ˌmaɪ.kɹəˈskɑ.pɪk/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/

Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:

  • /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: earthworm /ˈɜː(ɹ)θˌwɜː(ɹ)m/, worm /wɝm/, freshwater /ˈfɹɛʃˌwɔːtə(ɹ)/, quantity /ˈkwɑn(t)ɪti/
  • Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: freshwater /ˈfɹɛʃˌwɔːtə(ɹ)/, tract /tɹækt/, propose /pɹəˈpəʊz/, quantity /ˈkwɑn(t)ɪti/
  • /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: detach /dɪˈtæt͡ʃ/, tract /tɹækt/, attribute /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/, accurately /ˈæk.jə.ɹɪt.li/

Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır

  1. Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
  2. Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
  3. Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; microplastic, earthworm, particle gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.

Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?

Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.

Shadowing tekniği: adım adım eksiksiz rehberi okuyun →