跟读练习: Listening Test 3. Part 4: Microplastics - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Part 4.
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You will hear part of an environmental science lecture about microplastics.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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In today's lecture, I'm going to be talking about microplastics.
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Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic smaller than 5 mm in size.
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Recently, there's been a greater awareness that there are large quantities of plastic waste, big and small, in the environment.
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The amount of plastic waste in the oceans has received widespread attention,
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but far less is known about the effects of microplastics in freshwater and particularly in soil oil.
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Microplastics can enter the environment via a number of different sources.
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Threads and microfibres detach from synthetic clothing every time they're put in a washing machine,
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and these find their way into the water system.
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Other sources include big pieces of plastic waste that are already in the environment,
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and these break down into microscopic particles over a period of time.
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On a larger scale, factory waste is another route, as our tyres, which wear down as cars,
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lorries and so on, travel along road surfaces.
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We already understand some of the impacts of microplastics from studies involving fish and other animals.
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There is evidence that microplastics harm small creatures in a variety of ways, such as by damaging their mouths,
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or by impairing their ability to feed, for example when microplastics get lodged in their digestive system.
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Surprisingly, perhaps, it is likely that humans consume microplastics, as these have been detected in a wide range of food and drink products,
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including bottled water, as well as in water that comes direct from the tap.
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What's more, salt and many kinds of seafood have also been found to contain microplastics.
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However, it's important to underline that there is not yet conclusive proof that microplastics cause significant harm to people.
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In many countries, including here in the UK, there is legislation which prevents manufacturers from adding plastic microbeads to shower gels,
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facial cleansers and toothpaste.
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It is very difficult to accurately estimate the total amount of
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microplastic particles in the soil as they can be hard to detect
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but we do know they are carried in the air and deposited in the soil by rain.
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What's more many of the fertilizers used by both farmers and gardeners contain microplastics.
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A team from the Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge has carried
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out a study of the effects of microplastics on the digestive tracts of earthworms.
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These worms, which live in topsoil, are an essential component of our agricultural system.
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By feeding on soil, they mix nutrients into it, thereby making it more fertile.
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The researchers set out to discover whether the introduction of microplastics into the soil
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and the subsequent ingestion of these by earthworms would impact soil quality and ultimately inhibit plant growth.
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The short answer was yes, it did.
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After placing three different types of microplastic particles into the soil, they planted perennial ryegrass.
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The particles of microplastic, which included biodegradable PLA and conventional high-density polyethylene,
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or HTPE, were then ingested by the earthworms in the soil.
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The result was that the worms lost weight rapidly.
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What's more, a lower percentage than normal of the ryegrass seeds germinated, and the researchers concluded
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that this was a direct result of the earthworms being unable to fulfil their normal role in making soil more fertile.
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The team also discovered that there was an increase in the amount of acid found in the soil,
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and this was attributed mainly to the microplastic particles from conventional HDPE plastic.
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The conclusions of the study make for very interesting reading.
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I've included the reference in the notes to give you at the end of this session.
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To summarise, the authors proposed the idea that we need to regard soil as we would regard any other process in nature.
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This means we should accept the implications of soil being dependent on decaying
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and dead matter constantly being passed through the bodies of earthworms.
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That is, when soil becomes impoverished by the presence of microplastics,
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not only ecosystems but also the whole of society are negatively impacted.
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That is the end of part four.
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Thank you.
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为什么用这个视频练习口语？
想要提升英语口语，「看YouTube学英语」是个超实用的方法！这个关于微塑料的讲座视频，语速适中、内容专业又贴近生活，非常适合用来练习「shadow speak」（影子跟读法）。通过模仿演讲者的语调、节奏和重音，你能快速掌握学术英语的表达逻辑，还能积累环境科学相关的高频词汇。更重要的是，视频里的句子结构丰富，从定义解释到实验描述都有，跟着说能同时锻炼口语流畅度和思维清晰度，简直是一举多得！
语境中的语法与表达
视频里有不少值得学习的实用表达，快记下来：
- “...via a number of different sources”：表示“通过多种不同来源”，在描述事物成因时超好用，比简单的“from”更精准。
- “it is likely that...”：用来表达“很可能……”，口语中替换“maybe”能让表达更正式。比如“it is likely that humans consume microplastics”（人类很可能摄入微塑料）。
- “attributed mainly to...”：意为“主要归因于……”，在说明因果关系时必备，例如“土壤酸性增加主要归因于传统HDPE塑料”。
发音陷阱需注意
练习「shadow speak」时，这些单词的发音要特别留意：
- microplastics：注意“micro”的发音是/ˈmaɪkrəʊ/，不要读成/maɪˈkrɒ/；“plastics”的尾音“s”要轻读。
- biodegradable：这个长单词的重音在第二个音节/bˌaɪəʊdɪˈɡreɪdəbl/，别读错重音位置。
- perennial ryegrass：“perennial”的发音是/pəˈreniəl/，“ryegrass”要连读成/ˈraɪɡrɑːs/，避免分开读。
多跟着视频重复这些句子，既能提高英语发音，又能熟练运用实用表达。坚持用「shadowspeak」法练习，你会发现口语进步看得见！
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | is known · have been detected · been found |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | has received · have been detected · have also been found |
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。