शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Listening Test 3. Part 4: Microplastics - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
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Part 4.
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You will hear part of an environmental science lecture about microplastics.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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In today's lecture, I'm going to be talking about microplastics.
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Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic smaller than 5 mm in size.
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Recently, there's been a greater awareness that there are large quantities of plastic waste, big and small, in the environment.
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The amount of plastic waste in the oceans has received widespread attention,
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but far less is known about the effects of microplastics in freshwater and particularly in soil oil.
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Microplastics can enter the environment via a number of different sources.
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Threads and microfibres detach from synthetic clothing every time they're put in a washing machine,
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and these find their way into the water system.
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Other sources include big pieces of plastic waste that are already in the environment,
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and these break down into microscopic particles over a period of time.
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On a larger scale, factory waste is another route, as our tyres, which wear down as cars,
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lorries and so on, travel along road surfaces.
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We already understand some of the impacts of microplastics from studies involving fish and other animals.
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There is evidence that microplastics harm small creatures in a variety of ways, such as by damaging their mouths,
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or by impairing their ability to feed, for example when microplastics get lodged in their digestive system.
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Surprisingly, perhaps, it is likely that humans consume microplastics, as these have been detected in a wide range of food and drink products,
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including bottled water, as well as in water that comes direct from the tap.
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What's more, salt and many kinds of seafood have also been found to contain microplastics.
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However, it's important to underline that there is not yet conclusive proof that microplastics cause significant harm to people.
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In many countries, including here in the UK, there is legislation which prevents manufacturers from adding plastic microbeads to shower gels,
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facial cleansers and toothpaste.
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It is very difficult to accurately estimate the total amount of
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microplastic particles in the soil as they can be hard to detect
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but we do know they are carried in the air and deposited in the soil by rain.
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What's more many of the fertilizers used by both farmers and gardeners contain microplastics.
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A team from the Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge has carried
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out a study of the effects of microplastics on the digestive tracts of earthworms.
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These worms, which live in topsoil, are an essential component of our agricultural system.
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By feeding on soil, they mix nutrients into it, thereby making it more fertile.
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The researchers set out to discover whether the introduction of microplastics into the soil
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and the subsequent ingestion of these by earthworms would impact soil quality and ultimately inhibit plant growth.
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The short answer was yes, it did.
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After placing three different types of microplastic particles into the soil, they planted perennial ryegrass.
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The particles of microplastic, which included biodegradable PLA and conventional high-density polyethylene,
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or HTPE, were then ingested by the earthworms in the soil.
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The result was that the worms lost weight rapidly.
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What's more, a lower percentage than normal of the ryegrass seeds germinated, and the researchers concluded
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that this was a direct result of the earthworms being unable to fulfil their normal role in making soil more fertile.
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The team also discovered that there was an increase in the amount of acid found in the soil,
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and this was attributed mainly to the microplastic particles from conventional HDPE plastic.
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The conclusions of the study make for very interesting reading.
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I've included the reference in the notes to give you at the end of this session.
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To summarise, the authors proposed the idea that we need to regard soil as we would regard any other process in nature.
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This means we should accept the implications of soil being dependent on decaying
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and dead matter constantly being passed through the bodies of earthworms.
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That is, when soil becomes impoverished by the presence of microplastics,
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not only ecosystems but also the whole of society are negatively impacted.
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That is the end of part four.
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Thank you.
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आप क्या सीखेंगे
इस वीडियो में, आप सूक्ष्म प्लास्टिक के बारे में एक महत्वपूर्ण वार्ता सुनेंगे, जो आपको अंग्रेजी बोलने के कौशल को सुधारने में मदद करेगी। यहाँ कुछ कर्तव्यों पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया है जो आप इस वार्तालाप से सीख सकते हैं:
- विशिष्ट शब्दावली: सूक्ष्म प्लास्टिक और पर्यावरण विज्ञान से संबंधित विभिन्न शब्दों और वाक्यांशों का ज्ञान।
- व्याकरणिक संरचना: विभिन्न प्रकार की वाक्य संरचनाओं का उपयोग और उनके प्रभाव को समझना।
- स्वर और लय: वक्ता की आवाज़ और उसकी लय का अनुकरण करना।
इन ध्वनियों पर ध्यान दें
इस वीडियो में, वक्ता ने कुछ महत्वपूर्ण ध्वनियों का उपयोग किया है जिन्हें सुनना और समझना आवश्यक है। यहाँ पर कुछ मुख्य विशेषताएँ हैं:
- जुड़े हुए शब्द: जैसे "microplastics" और "environmental" के बीच की आवाज़ को मिक्स करना।
- शब्दों का संक्षेपण: वक्ता ने कुछ शब्दों को जल्दी और स्पष्टता से कहा, जैसे "it's" या "they're"।
- स्वर परिवर्तन: वक्ता ने महत्वपूर्ण बिंदुओं पर अपने स्वर को ऊँचा या नीचा किया, जिससे संदेश का प्रभाव बढ़ा।
जैसे एक स्थानीय बोलें
इस वीडियो के माध्यम से, आप वक्ता की लय और तनाव का अनुकरण कर सकते हैं। यहाँ कुछ सुझाव दिए गए हैं:
- शब्दों की उत्तेजना: वीडियो में उन्हीं भागों पर जोर दें जहाँ वक्ता ने विशेष शब्दों पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया है।
- आवाज की गति: वक्ता की गति को ध्यान में रखते हुए, धीमी और तेज़ बोलने की कोशिश करें।
- भावनाओं का समावेश: बातचीत में उभरने वाले भावनात्मक पहलुओं का अनुकरण करें।
याद रखें, अंग्रेजी शैडोइंग एक प्रभावी तरीका है जिससे आप अपनी बोलने की क्षमता को सुधार सकते हैं। वीडियो को ध्यान से सुनें और यूट्यूब से अंग्रेजी सीखें जैसे प्लेटफार्मों का उपयोग करें। अपने अभ्यास को बढ़ाने के लिए shadowspeak और shadow speech जैसी विधियों का पालन करें।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | is known · have been detected · been found |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | has received · have been detected · have also been found |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।