シャドーイング練習: Listening Test 3. Part 4: Microplastics - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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Part 4.
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You will hear part of an environmental science lecture about microplastics.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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In today's lecture, I'm going to be talking about microplastics.
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Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic smaller than 5 mm in size.
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Recently, there's been a greater awareness that there are large quantities of plastic waste, big and small, in the environment.
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The amount of plastic waste in the oceans has received widespread attention,
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but far less is known about the effects of microplastics in freshwater and particularly in soil oil.
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Microplastics can enter the environment via a number of different sources.
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Threads and microfibres detach from synthetic clothing every time they're put in a washing machine,
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and these find their way into the water system.
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Other sources include big pieces of plastic waste that are already in the environment,
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and these break down into microscopic particles over a period of time.
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On a larger scale, factory waste is another route, as our tyres, which wear down as cars,
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lorries and so on, travel along road surfaces.
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We already understand some of the impacts of microplastics from studies involving fish and other animals.
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There is evidence that microplastics harm small creatures in a variety of ways, such as by damaging their mouths,
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or by impairing their ability to feed, for example when microplastics get lodged in their digestive system.
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Surprisingly, perhaps, it is likely that humans consume microplastics, as these have been detected in a wide range of food and drink products,
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including bottled water, as well as in water that comes direct from the tap.
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What's more, salt and many kinds of seafood have also been found to contain microplastics.
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However, it's important to underline that there is not yet conclusive proof that microplastics cause significant harm to people.
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In many countries, including here in the UK, there is legislation which prevents manufacturers from adding plastic microbeads to shower gels,
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facial cleansers and toothpaste.
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It is very difficult to accurately estimate the total amount of
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microplastic particles in the soil as they can be hard to detect
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but we do know they are carried in the air and deposited in the soil by rain.
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What's more many of the fertilizers used by both farmers and gardeners contain microplastics.
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A team from the Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge has carried
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out a study of the effects of microplastics on the digestive tracts of earthworms.
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These worms, which live in topsoil, are an essential component of our agricultural system.
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By feeding on soil, they mix nutrients into it, thereby making it more fertile.
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The researchers set out to discover whether the introduction of microplastics into the soil
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and the subsequent ingestion of these by earthworms would impact soil quality and ultimately inhibit plant growth.
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The short answer was yes, it did.
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After placing three different types of microplastic particles into the soil, they planted perennial ryegrass.
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The particles of microplastic, which included biodegradable PLA and conventional high-density polyethylene,
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or HTPE, were then ingested by the earthworms in the soil.
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The result was that the worms lost weight rapidly.
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What's more, a lower percentage than normal of the ryegrass seeds germinated, and the researchers concluded
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that this was a direct result of the earthworms being unable to fulfil their normal role in making soil more fertile.
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The team also discovered that there was an increase in the amount of acid found in the soil,
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and this was attributed mainly to the microplastic particles from conventional HDPE plastic.
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The conclusions of the study make for very interesting reading.
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I've included the reference in the notes to give you at the end of this session.
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To summarise, the authors proposed the idea that we need to regard soil as we would regard any other process in nature.
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This means we should accept the implications of soil being dependent on decaying
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and dead matter constantly being passed through the bodies of earthworms.
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That is, when soil becomes impoverished by the presence of microplastics,
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not only ecosystems but also the whole of society are negatively impacted.
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That is the end of part four.
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Thank you.
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このレッスンについて
このビデオでは、環境科学の講義を通じてマイクロプラスチックについて学びます。リスニング力向上だけでなく、英語のシャドーイングやスピーキング練習にも最適です。講義ではマイクロプラスチックの起源、影響、研究結果などが詳しく説明されており、科学的な用語や論理的な展開を理解することで、IELTS スピーキング対策にも役立つ思考力と表現力を養えます。
重要な語彙とフレーズ
- microplastics：マイクロプラスチック（5mm以下の微細なプラスチック片）
- biodegradable：生分解性の
- perennial ryegrass：多年生ライグラス（牧草の一種）
- impair：損なう、害する
- germinate：発芽する
- soil quality：土壌の質
練習のヒント
このビデオの講義はゆっくりとしたスピードで、明確なアクセントとイントネーションが特徴です。英語のシャドーイングをする際は、まず全体を聞き流して内容を把握し、次に1文ずつ繰り返し真似してみてください。特に「the researchers concluded that...」のような論文の結果を述べるフレーズは、IELTS スピーキングで意見を述べる際に使えるので、発音とリズムを徹底的に練習しましょう。
shadowspeaksの技法を使うと、発音を良くするだけでなく、自然なスピードで話す習慣もつきます。講義の中で「What's more」「However」などの接続詞が頻繁に使われています。これらの単語を強調することで、話の流れを明確にし、リスナーに伝わりやすくなります。繰り返し練習することで、英語スピーキング練習の成果が実感できるでしょう。
土壌やミミズに関する説明部分は、具体的な例が多いので、イメージを浮かべながら話すことで、より自然な発音になります。難しい用語も文脈から意味を推測しながら覚えると、効率的です。
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | is known · have been detected · been found |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | has received · have been detected · have also been found |
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。