Shadowing Practice: Walls and Moats Won't Save You. Innovation Will. - Learn English Speaking with Video
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1453. An army approaches Constantinople.
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If you're inside the walls of Constantinople, you probably feel okay, because after all, those walls had stood for more than a thousand years.
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There's a literal moat that goes around the city.
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Once you get past the moat, you get to two sets of walls, each 18 feet thick.
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Those walls were impenetrable before.
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Saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal, Three ingredients that, when combined in the right way, created gunpowder.
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First identified in about 142.
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1 ,300 years later, a mysterious figure named Orban appears.
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He goes to the people inside the walls, the Byzantine Empire, and says, I can sell you something that will protect your city.
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The Byzantine Empire passes.
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Orban goes to the Ottoman Empire that is seeking to sack the city and makes the same proposition they say yes.
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Imagine how it felt.
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Walls
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that had stood for a thousand years faced the onslaught of a half -ton cannonball flung over the distance of a mile.
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The wall shattered.
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The city fell in 47 days.
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Disruption changes everything.
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The question you have to ask in modern times is what is the moat
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that we have that we built yesterday that might protect us today but will be powerless against the disruptions in the future.
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Why is it that market leaders pass on disruptive innovations?
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Well, when you first see a disruptive innovation, it looks really different.
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It looks unfamiliar and therefore it's pretty easy to discount it.
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If you're inside walls that had stood for a thousand years and you see this unproven cannon present in front of you,
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you don't fully understand it.
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You don't fully see its use.
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You're used to horses.
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You're used to cavalry.
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You're used to arrows.
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Those are things that had worked for a very long period of time.
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It's only once you see the full demonstration of the power of the disruption that you really, truly get it.
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Why historically have disruptive innovations tended to start with upstarts?
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Well, Bob Dylan put it pretty well, when you ain't got nothing, you got nothing to lose.
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A market leader sees downside.
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They see risks.
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They see threats.
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Somebody who is an upstart sees nothing but gain and possibility.
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So therefore, it's pretty natural that an upstart will go and gravitate to following a new disruptive approach.
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And the research shows that's a smart thing to do.
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If you try to take on the incumbent in a battle
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that they are used to playing and you try to do it better, they're going to beat you most of the time.
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Clay Christensen called that a sustaining innovation battle.
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If you try to take them on with a very different form of battle, you've got a much greater chance of winning.
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So it's natural that if you don't go and counteract these forces, the upstart's going to see it and jump all over it.
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The incumbent's going to hesitate and pause.
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When you look at a new innovation, it always feels like there's risk involved.
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So you have to make a decision.
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Am I going to put a dollar, euro, rupee, whatever, into this innovation or that innovation?
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One of the big challenges a market leader has is a comparison.
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Should I spend that unit of resource making today better or should I spend it making tomorrow different?
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If you're a company that's got nothing, you only think about what do I do that's going to have the maximum impact.
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You look for the most exciting things, the things with the most potential.
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Your resources naturally allocate towards the disruption.
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This is the rational part of the innovator's dilemma.
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Left unchecked, the resource allocation process inside an organization will direct everything to the known,
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to the proven, to the things that appear to be safe, not recognizing that you're actually taking a risk by not taking a risk,
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by leaving yourself susceptible to somebody who comes at you with a disruptive innovation.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu konuşma dersi “Walls and Moats Won't Save You. Innovation Will” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: innovation, walls, disruptive, disruption, risk. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 51 cümle ve 656 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 4:12 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 156 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin %82’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| innovation isim | /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ | inovasyon, yenilik |
| disruption isim | /dɪsˈɹʌpʃən/ | inkıta, kesilme |
| resource isim | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | kaynak |
| thick sıfat | /θɪk/ | kalın |
| discount isim | /ˈdɪskaʊnt/ | indirim, iskonto |
| clay isim | /kleɪ/ | kil |
| mysterious sıfat | /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/ | gizemli, esrarlı |
| arrow isim | /ˈæɹəʊ/ | ok |
| euro isim | /ˈjʊɹoʊ/ | avro, euro |
| historically zarf | /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/ | tarihen |
| pause isim | /pɔːz/ | mola, teneffüs |
| sustain fiil | /səˈsteɪn/ | sürdürmek, muhafaza etmek |
| sack isim | /sæk/ | çuval |
| cavalry isim | /ˈkæ.vəl.ɹi/ | süvari |
| hesitate fiil | /ˈhɛz.ə.teɪt/ | çekinmek, kararsız kalmak |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı you're, don't, ain't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 13 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, disruption /dɪsˈɹʌpʃən/, demonstration /dɛmənˈstɹeɪʃən/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, proposition /ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, mysterious /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/, demonstration /dɛmənˈstɹeɪʃən/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: clay /kleɪ/, proposition /ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/, fling /ˈflɪŋ/, gravitate /ˈɡɹævɪteɪt/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, arrow /ˈæɹəʊ/, canon /ˈkæn.ən/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, sack /sæk/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; innovation, disruption, resource gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.