跟读练习: Walls and Moats Won't Save You. Innovation Will. - 通过视频学习英语口语

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1453. An army approaches Constantinople.

If you're inside the walls of Constantinople, you probably feel okay, because after all, those walls had stood for more than a thousand years.

There's a literal moat that goes around the city.

Once you get past the moat, you get to two sets of walls, each 18 feet thick.

Those walls were impenetrable before.

Saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal, Three ingredients that, when combined in the right way, created gunpowder.

First identified in about 142.

1 ,300 years later, a mysterious figure named Orban appears.

He goes to the people inside the walls, the Byzantine Empire, and says, I can sell you something that will protect your city.

The Byzantine Empire passes.

Orban goes to the Ottoman Empire that is seeking to sack the city and makes the same proposition they say yes.

Imagine how it felt.

Walls

that had stood for a thousand years faced the onslaught of a half -ton cannonball flung over the distance of a mile.

The wall shattered.

The city fell in 47 days.

Disruption changes everything.

The question you have to ask in modern times is what is the moat

that we have that we built yesterday that might protect us today but will be powerless against the disruptions in the future.

Why is it that market leaders pass on disruptive innovations?

Well, when you first see a disruptive innovation, it looks really different.

It looks unfamiliar and therefore it's pretty easy to discount it.

If you're inside walls that had stood for a thousand years and you see this unproven cannon present in front of you,

you don't fully understand it.

You don't fully see its use.

You're used to horses.

You're used to cavalry.

You're used to arrows.

Those are things that had worked for a very long period of time.

It's only once you see the full demonstration of the power of the disruption that you really, truly get it.

Why historically have disruptive innovations tended to start with upstarts?

Well, Bob Dylan put it pretty well, when you ain't got nothing, you got nothing to lose.

A market leader sees downside.

They see risks.

They see threats.

Somebody who is an upstart sees nothing but gain and possibility.

So therefore, it's pretty natural that an upstart will go and gravitate to following a new disruptive approach.

And the research shows that's a smart thing to do.

If you try to take on the incumbent in a battle

that they are used to playing and you try to do it better, they're going to beat you most of the time.

Clay Christensen called that a sustaining innovation battle.

If you try to take them on with a very different form of battle, you've got a much greater chance of winning.

So it's natural that if you don't go and counteract these forces, the upstart's going to see it and jump all over it.

The incumbent's going to hesitate and pause.

When you look at a new innovation, it always feels like there's risk involved.

So you have to make a decision.

Am I going to put a dollar, euro, rupee, whatever, into this innovation or that innovation?

One of the big challenges a market leader has is a comparison.

Should I spend that unit of resource making today better or should I spend it making tomorrow different?

If you're a company that's got nothing, you only think about what do I do that's going to have the maximum impact.

You look for the most exciting things, the things with the most potential.

Your resources naturally allocate towards the disruption.

This is the rational part of the innovator's dilemma.

Left unchecked, the resource allocation process inside an organization will direct everything to the known,

to the proven, to the things that appear to be safe, not recognizing that you're actually taking a risk by not taking a risk,

by leaving yourself susceptible to somebody who comes at you with a disruptive innovation.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节口语课以视频“Walls and Moats Won't Save You. Innovation Will”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：innovation, walls, disruptive, disruption, risk。这段视频共有 51 个句子、656 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 4:12。说话人语速自然，每分钟约 156 个词，接近日常对话。 82% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
innovation 名词	/ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/	革新, 創新 /创新
resource 名词	/ɹɪˈzɔːs/	資源 /资源
thick 形容词	/θɪk/	ху, 厚
discount 名词	/ˈdɪskaʊnt/	折扣
clay 名词	/kleɪ/	黏土
mysterious 形容词	/mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/	神秘, 來源不明的 /来源不明的
arrow 名词	/ˈæɹəʊ/	җян, 箭
combine 动词	/kəmˈbaɪn/	結合 /结合, 組合 /组合
euro 名词	/ˈjʊɹoʊ/	歐元 /欧元
demonstration 名词	/dɛmənˈstɹeɪʃən/	示範 /示范, 演示
rational 形容词	/ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/	合理的, 理性的
pause 名词	/pɔːz/	停頓 /停顿, 暫停 /暂停
sustain 动词	/səˈsteɪn/	维持
sack 名词	/sæk/	袋, 囊
proposition 名词	/ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/	建議 /建议, 提議 /提议

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 13 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 you're, don't, ain't。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, disruption /dɪsˈɹʌpʃən/, demonstration /dɛmənˈstɹeɪʃən/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, proposition /ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/
长单词——注意重音位置: innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, mysterious /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/, demonstration /dɛmənˈstɹeɪʃən/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, cavalry /ˈkæ.vəl.ɹi/, disruptive /dɪsˈɹʌptɪv/, gravitate /ˈɡɹævɪteɪt/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, incumbent /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/, thick /θɪk/, discount /ˈdɪskaʊnt/, mysterious /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, cavalry /ˈkæ.vəl.ɹi/, literal /ˈlɪt(ə)ɹəl/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 innovation, resource, thick 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: Walls and Moats Won't Save You. Innovation Will. - 通过视频学习英语口语

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本课的词汇与口语要点

视频中的重点词汇

需要注意的发音

如何用这段视频练习

什么是跟读法？