Prática de Shadowing: Walls and Moats Won't Save You. Innovation Will. - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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1453. An army approaches Constantinople.
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If you're inside the walls of Constantinople, you probably feel okay, because after all, those walls had stood for more than a thousand years.
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There's a literal moat that goes around the city.
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Once you get past the moat, you get to two sets of walls, each 18 feet thick.
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Those walls were impenetrable before.
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Saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal, Three ingredients that, when combined in the right way, created gunpowder.
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First identified in about 142.
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1 ,300 years later, a mysterious figure named Orban appears.
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He goes to the people inside the walls, the Byzantine Empire, and says, I can sell you something that will protect your city.
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The Byzantine Empire passes.
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Orban goes to the Ottoman Empire that is seeking to sack the city and makes the same proposition they say yes.
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Imagine how it felt.
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Walls
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that had stood for a thousand years faced the onslaught of a half -ton cannonball flung over the distance of a mile.
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The wall shattered.
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The city fell in 47 days.
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Disruption changes everything.
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The question you have to ask in modern times is what is the moat
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that we have that we built yesterday that might protect us today but will be powerless against the disruptions in the future.
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Why is it that market leaders pass on disruptive innovations?
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Well, when you first see a disruptive innovation, it looks really different.
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It looks unfamiliar and therefore it's pretty easy to discount it.
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If you're inside walls that had stood for a thousand years and you see this unproven cannon present in front of you,
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you don't fully understand it.
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You don't fully see its use.
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You're used to horses.
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You're used to cavalry.
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You're used to arrows.
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Those are things that had worked for a very long period of time.
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It's only once you see the full demonstration of the power of the disruption that you really, truly get it.
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Why historically have disruptive innovations tended to start with upstarts?
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Well, Bob Dylan put it pretty well, when you ain't got nothing, you got nothing to lose.
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A market leader sees downside.
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They see risks.
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They see threats.
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Somebody who is an upstart sees nothing but gain and possibility.
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So therefore, it's pretty natural that an upstart will go and gravitate to following a new disruptive approach.
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And the research shows that's a smart thing to do.
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If you try to take on the incumbent in a battle
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that they are used to playing and you try to do it better, they're going to beat you most of the time.
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Clay Christensen called that a sustaining innovation battle.
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If you try to take them on with a very different form of battle, you've got a much greater chance of winning.
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So it's natural that if you don't go and counteract these forces, the upstart's going to see it and jump all over it.
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The incumbent's going to hesitate and pause.
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When you look at a new innovation, it always feels like there's risk involved.
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So you have to make a decision.
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Am I going to put a dollar, euro, rupee, whatever, into this innovation or that innovation?
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One of the big challenges a market leader has is a comparison.
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Should I spend that unit of resource making today better or should I spend it making tomorrow different?
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If you're a company that's got nothing, you only think about what do I do that's going to have the maximum impact.
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You look for the most exciting things, the things with the most potential.
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Your resources naturally allocate towards the disruption.
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This is the rational part of the innovator's dilemma.
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Left unchecked, the resource allocation process inside an organization will direct everything to the known,
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to the proven, to the things that appear to be safe, not recognizing that you're actually taking a risk by not taking a risk,
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by leaving yourself susceptible to somebody who comes at you with a disruptive innovation.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Walls and Moats Won't Save You. Innovation Will”. As palavras que mais se repetem: innovation, walls, disruptive, disruption, risk. Este vídeo tem 51 frases e 656 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:12. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 156 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 82% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| innovation substantivo | /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ | inovação |
| disruption substantivo | /dɪsˈɹʌpʃən/ | disrupção, ruptura |
| resource substantivo | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | recurso, expediente |
| naturally advérbio | /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ | naturalmente |
| thick adjetivo | /θɪk/ | espesso, grosso |
| discount substantivo | /ˈdɪskaʊnt/ | desconto, abatimento |
| clay substantivo | /kleɪ/ | argila |
| mysterious adjetivo | /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/ | misterioso |
| arrow substantivo | /ˈæɹəʊ/ | flecha, seta |
| combine verbo | /kəmˈbaɪn/ | combinar |
| canon substantivo | /ˈkæn.ən/ | cânone |
| euro substantivo | /ˈjʊɹoʊ/ | euro |
| historically advérbio | /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/ | historicamente |
| demonstration substantivo | /dɛmənˈstɹeɪʃən/ | demonstração |
| rational adjetivo | /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/ | racional |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 13 contrações e formas reduzidas, como you're, don't, ain't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, disruption /dɪsˈɹʌpʃən/, demonstration /dɛmənˈstɹeɪʃən/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, proposition /ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, mysterious /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/, demonstration /dɛmənˈstɹeɪʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: incumbent /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/, thick /θɪk/, discount /ˈdɪskaʊnt/, sack /sæk/, hesitate /ˈhɛz.ə.teɪt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, literal /ˈlɪt(ə)ɹəl/, charcoal /ˈt͡ʃɑɹ.koʊl/, cannonball /ˈkænənˌbɔːl/, impenetrable /ɪmˈpɛnətɹəbəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/, hesitate /ˈhɛz.ə.teɪt/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como innovation, disruption, resource.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.