現在完成時與 just / already / yet / ever

這五個詞經常和現在完成時一起用。Just、already、ever、never 放在 have/has 和 V3 之間；yet 放在句末。

💡Already 和 yet 不能放在動詞和賓語之間：I've already finished my homework 或 I've finished my homework already——不能說 I've finished already my homework。yet 也一樣：I haven't finished my lunch yet。

1. just = 剛剛、就在不久前

• Is Nam there? — No, sorry, he's just gone out.

  阿南在嗎？——不好意思，他剛出去。

• Hurry up! The film has just started.

  快點！電影剛開始了。

2. already = 事情已經發生了，常常比別人預想的早

• Don't cook for me. I've already eaten.

  別給我做飯了，我已經吃過了。

• Have you already finished? That was quick!

  你已經做完了？好快啊！（already 用在疑問句 = 表示驚訝）

3. yet = 到現在為止——用在否定句表示“還沒有”，用在疑問句表示“到現在……了嗎？”。說話人預期這件事會發生時用它。

• I haven't booked the tickets yet.

  我還沒訂票。

• Have you finished your essay yet?

  你的論文寫完了嗎？

• I still haven't heard from the bank.

  我還是沒收到銀行的訊息。（still haven't 聽起來比 yet 更不耐煩）

💡中文“你吃了嗎？”“你已經吃了嗎？”都很自然，但英語問預期中的事有沒有發生時要用 yet：Have you eaten yet?（不用 already）。簡略回答是 Not yet. 在標準英式英語裡，yet 和現在完成時連用（I haven't eaten yet）；美國人口語中也常用一般過去時（見下文）。

Ever 問的是到現在為止人生中任何時候的經歷。要說“從來沒有”，用 never。Never 本身已經是否定，所以不要再加 not。

• Have you ever ridden a motorbike? — Yes, I have. / No, never.

  你騎過摩托車嗎？——騎過。/ 從來沒有。

• My grandmother has never owned a smartphone.

  我奶奶從來沒用過智慧手機。

• I've never seen such a beautiful beach.

  我從沒見過這麼美的海灘。

• It's the best pho I've ever had.

  這是我吃過的最好吃的河粉。（ever 用在肯定句：常跟在最高階後面）

It's / This is the first (second, third…) time + 現在完成時。中文這裡說“我第一次做……”，動詞不變，但英語一定要用 have/has + V3。如果故事發生在過去，就變成 It was the first time + had + V3。

• This is the first time I've cooked pho.

  這是我第一次做河粉。（不說：the first time I cook）

• It's the third time you've asked me that today!

  這已經是你今天第三次問我這個了！

• It was the first time I had seen the sea.

  那是我第一次看到大海。（過去的故事 → had + V3）

說去過某地的經歷時用 been（去了又回來了）。Gone 表示人走了，還沒回來。

• Tam has never been to a football match.

  阿心從來沒去看過足球比賽。

• Where's Dad? — He's gone to the market. He'll be back soon.

  爸爸呢？——他去市場了，很快就回來。

• I've just been to the gym. I'm exhausted!

  我剛從健身房回來，累死了！

美式英語，尤其是口語中，人們常把 just、already、yet 和一般過去時連用。兩種都對；考試時或按英式用法時，用現在完成時最保險。

• I've just seen your message. / I just saw your message.

  我剛看到你的訊息。（英式 / 美式）

• Have you eaten yet? / Did you eat yet?

  你吃飯了嗎？（英式 / 美式）

• ✗I have finished already my homework.

  ✓I have already finished my homework.

  already 放在 have 和 V3 之間（或句末），不能放在動詞和賓語之間。

• ✗She hasn't called me already.

  ✓She hasn't called me yet.

  否定句用 yet。

• ✗I haven't finished yet my lunch.

  ✓I haven't finished my lunch yet.

  yet 放在句末。

• ✗He has never went abroad.

  ✓He has never been abroad.

  has + V3；說出行的經歷用 been。

• ✗I haven't never tried sushi.

  ✓I've never tried sushi.

  never 本身就是否定——不要再加 not。

• ✗It's the first time I see snow.

  ✓It's the first time I've seen snow.

  it's the first time 後面用現在完成時。