过去完成时

过去完成时 = had + V3，所有主语都一样。缩写形式：I'd、she'd、they'd；否定式 hadn't。

💡'd 可能是 had，也可能是 would。看后面一个词：'d + V3 = had（I'd forgotten）；'d + 动词原形 = would（I'd forget）。另外 'd better = had better。

当你已经在讲过去的事，又想再往前推一步时，用过去完成时：这件事发生在过去另一个时刻或事件之前。

1. 发生在过去另一件事之前的事

• When I got to the station, the train had already left.

  我到车站时，火车已经开走了。

• I couldn't pay because I'd left my wallet at home.

  我付不了钱，因为我把钱包落在家里了。

2. 和 by the time、before、already 连用：在那个时间点之前已经完成

• By the time Mum got home, we had cleaned the whole house.

  妈妈到家的时候，我们已经把整个房子打扫干净了。

• The bakery had sold out of bread before I got there.

  我还没到，面包店的面包就已经卖完了。

3. 到过去某一时刻为止的经历——had never / had ever … before

• I'd never seen snow until I went to Sapa last winter.

  去年冬天去沙坝之前，我从来没见过雪。

• Had you met him before the wedding?

  婚礼之前你见过他吗？

4. 转述过去的想法或话语：realised、knew、found out、said、told…（见“间接引语”一课）

• I suddenly realised I hadn't turned off the stove.

  我突然意识到我没关炉子。

• Tom said he had never eaten durian.

  汤姆说他从来没吃过榴莲。（他的原话：I have never eaten…）

在 when 后面，换个时态，两件事的先后顺序就变了：

• When we arrived, the party started.

  我们到的时候，派对开始了。（我们先到，然后派对开始）

• When we arrived, the party had started.

  我们到的时候，派对已经开始了。（我们到之前派对就开始了）

• When I got home, Mum cooked dinner.

  我回到家，妈妈就做晚饭了。（我先到家，然后她做饭）

• When I got home, Mum had cooked dinner.

  我回到家时，妈妈已经做好晚饭了。（我到家时晚饭已经做好了）

💡先发生的事用 had + V3，后发生的事用一般过去时。不要把 had 放在后发生的事上：When I had arrived, the meeting already started ✗ → When I arrived, the meeting had already started。

• 按发生的顺序讲事情 → 用一般过去时就够了：I got up, had a shower and went to work.
• 用 after、before、as soon as 时先后顺序已经很清楚，所以用一般过去时也可以：After I finished / After I had finished my homework, I went out. 想强调第一个动作已经完成时，用 had + V3。
• 不要因为事情发生在很久以前就用过去完成时：I was born in 2000.

• After she had finished the report, she sent it to her manager.

  她写完报告后，把它发给了经理。（after + had V3 或 after + 一般过去时：都可以）

现在完成时算到现在为止；过去完成时算到过去某一时刻为止。

• I'm not hungry. I've just eaten.

  我不饿，我刚吃过。（到现在为止）

• I wasn't hungry. I'd just eaten.

  我当时不饿，我刚吃过。（到那时为止）

• had been + -ing：一直持续到过去某一时刻的活动——We had been walking for three hours when we found a café. 见“过去完成进行时”一课。
• had been + V3（被动）：When we came back, our bags had been stolen.
• had + V3 也用来表示与过去事实相反：If I had known, I would have helped（见“第三条件句”一课）；I wish I had studied harder.

• ✗When I arrived, everyone has gone home.

  ✓When I arrived, everyone had gone home.

  参照点在过去（arrived）→ 用 had，不用 has。

• ✗I hadn't saw him for years.

  ✓I hadn't seen him for years.

  had + V3。

• ✗When I had arrived, the meeting already started.

  ✓When I arrived, the meeting had already started.

  had + V3 用在先发生的事上（会议开始）。

• ✗The children were tired because they had swam all afternoon.

  ✓The children were tired because they had swum all afternoon.

  swim – swam – swum：had + V3。

• ✗She told me she has lost her phone the day before.

  ✓She told me she had lost her phone the day before.

  转述过去说的话 → 时态往后退：has lost → had lost。

• ✗I had been born in 2000.

  ✓I was born in 2000.

  不要因为是很久以前的事就用过去完成时。