過去完成時

過去完成時 = had + V3，所有主語都一樣。縮寫形式：I'd、she'd、they'd；否定式 hadn't。

💡'd 可能是 had，也可能是 would。看後面一個詞：'d + V3 = had（I'd forgotten）；'d + 動詞原形 = would（I'd forget）。另外 'd better = had better。

當你已經在講過去的事，又想再往前推一步時，用過去完成時：這件事發生在過去另一個時刻或事件之前。

1. 發生在過去另一件事之前的事

• When I got to the station, the train had already left.

  我到車站時，火車已經開走了。

• I couldn't pay because I'd left my wallet at home.

  我付不了錢，因為我把錢包落在家裡了。

2. 和 by the time、before、already 連用：在那個時間點之前已經完成

• By the time Mum got home, we had cleaned the whole house.

  媽媽到家的時候，我們已經把整個房子打掃乾淨了。

• The bakery had sold out of bread before I got there.

  我還沒到，麵包店的麵包就已經賣完了。

3. 到過去某一時刻為止的經歷——had never / had ever … before

• I'd never seen snow until I went to Sapa last winter.

  去年冬天去沙壩之前，我從來沒見過雪。

• Had you met him before the wedding?

  婚禮之前你見過他嗎？

4. 轉述過去的想法或話語：realised、knew、found out、said、told…（見“間接引語”一課）

• I suddenly realised I hadn't turned off the stove.

  我突然意識到我沒關爐子。

• Tom said he had never eaten durian.

  湯姆說他從來沒吃過榴槤。（他的原話：I have never eaten…）

在 when 後面，換個時態，兩件事的先後順序就變了：

• When we arrived, the party started.

  我們到的時候，派對開始了。（我們先到，然後派對開始）

• When we arrived, the party had started.

  我們到的時候，派對已經開始了。（我們到之前派對就開始了）

• When I got home, Mum cooked dinner.

  我回到家，媽媽就做晚飯了。（我先到家，然後她做飯）

• When I got home, Mum had cooked dinner.

  我回到家時，媽媽已經做好晚飯了。（我到家時晚飯已經做好了）

💡先發生的事用 had + V3，後發生的事用一般過去時。不要把 had 放在後發生的事上：When I had arrived, the meeting already started ✗ → When I arrived, the meeting had already started。

• 按發生的順序講事情 → 用一般過去時就夠了：I got up, had a shower and went to work.
• 用 after、before、as soon as 時先後順序已經很清楚，所以用一般過去時也可以：After I finished / After I had finished my homework, I went out. 想強調第一個動作已經完成時，用 had + V3。
• 不要因為事情發生在很久以前就用過去完成時：I was born in 2000.

• After she had finished the report, she sent it to her manager.

  她寫完報告後，把它發給了經理。（after + had V3 或 after + 一般過去時：都可以）

現在完成時算到現在為止；過去完成時算到過去某一時刻為止。

• I'm not hungry. I've just eaten.

  我不餓，我剛吃過。（到現在為止）

• I wasn't hungry. I'd just eaten.

  我當時不餓，我剛吃過。（到那時為止）

• had been + -ing：一直持續到過去某一時刻的活動——We had been walking for three hours when we found a café. 見“過去完成進行時”一課。
• had been + V3（被動）：When we came back, our bags had been stolen.
• had + V3 也用來表示與過去事實相反：If I had known, I would have helped（見“第三條件句”一課）；I wish I had studied harder.

• ✗When I arrived, everyone has gone home.

  ✓When I arrived, everyone had gone home.

  參照點在過去（arrived）→ 用 had，不用 has。

• ✗I hadn't saw him for years.

  ✓I hadn't seen him for years.

  had + V3。

• ✗When I had arrived, the meeting already started.

  ✓When I arrived, the meeting had already started.

  had + V3 用在先發生的事上（會議開始）。

• ✗The children were tired because they had swam all afternoon.

  ✓The children were tired because they had swum all afternoon.

  swim – swam – swum：had + V3。

• ✗She told me she has lost her phone the day before.

  ✓She told me she had lost her phone the day before.

  轉述過去說的話 → 時態往後退：has lost → had lost。

• ✗I had been born in 2000.

  ✓I was born in 2000.

  不要因為是很久以前的事就用過去完成時。