数量词

要说多少，先看后面的名词：是复数可数名词（friends, eggs, people）还是不可数名词（water, time, money）？每一类都有自己的搭配词。只有 a lot of, lots of, plenty of 两类都能用。

💡中文的“很多”“一点”既能说人也能说钱，所以学习者常说 much people 或 a little friends。还要注意那些在英语里不可数、感觉上却能数的名词：money, advice, information, homework, furniture, luggage, news——不加 -s，也不用 many / a few。见“可数名词与不可数名词”一课。

Many + 复数名词，much + 不可数名词。它们最常用在疑问句和否定句里。

• How many cousins have you got?

  你有几个表兄弟姐妹？

• We don't have much time, so let's take a taxi.

  我们时间不多了，打车吧。

• How much is this bag?

  这个包多少钱？（问价格：How much…?）

• Are there many tourists in Sa Pa in winter?

  冬天沙坝游客多吗？

在肯定句中，母语者通常更喜欢用 a lot of / lots of。“I have much time” 听起来很别扭。Many 可以用在肯定句里（Many people think…），但听起来有点正式。例外：too much, so much, too many, so many 用在肯定句里完全正常。

• Lan has a lot of friends at university.

  阿兰在大学里有很多朋友。

• I drink lots of water when it's hot.

  天热的时候我会喝很多水。

• You put too much salt in the soup.

  你汤里盐放太多了。

• There were so many people at the night market!

  夜市上人好多啊！

• a lot of + 名词；后面没有名词时，去掉 of：I eat a lot of fruit. / I eat a lot.
• 简略回答也省略名词：How many eggs do we need? — Not many. / Just a few.
• Much 单独放在动词后面（不带 very / so / too）时，主要用于否定句和疑问句：I don't sleep much. 肯定句要说：I sleep a lot.

小小的一个 a 就能改变意思。A few / a little = 有一些，少量——够用，是积极的意思。Few / little（不带 a）= 很少，几乎没有——是消极的意思，常表示“不够”。

• I bought a few mangoes at the market.

  我在市场买了几个芒果。

• Can I have a little sugar in my coffee?

  我的咖啡里能加一点糖吗？

• The museum is boring, so few people visit it.

  这个博物馆很无聊，所以很少有人去。

• We have little money this month, so we're eating at home.

  这个月我们没什么钱，所以都在家吃饭。

💡单独用 Few / little 听起来有点正式。日常口语中，人们更常说 not many / not much 或 only a few / only a little：Not many people came. / I only have a little time.

Plenty of = 很多，足够还有富余。它和复数名词、不可数名词都能连用，主要用于肯定句。

• Don't rush. We've got plenty of time.

  别急，我们时间多的是。

• There are plenty of cheap restaurants near the station.

  车站附近有很多便宜的餐馆。

None of = 某一群体中一个也没有。none of 后面接 the / my / these… + 名词，或者接代词 us / you / them / it。

• None of my friends can cook.

  我的朋友没有一个会做饭。

• I tried three shops, but none of them had my size.

  我去了三家店，但没有一家有我的尺码。

• None of this food is spicy.

  这些菜一点都不辣。

• How many tickets are left? — None.

  还剩几张票？——一张也没有了。（none 单独使用，后面不接名词）

• 如果名词前面没有 the / my…，就用 no，不用 none of：I have no friends here（不说：none of friends）。见“No / none / any, nothing / nobody”一课。
• None of + 复数名词：动词可以用单数，也可以用复数——None of my friends smoke / smokes。口语多用复数，正式书面语多用单数。
• 要说“全部 / 大部分 / 一部分……”，见“All / most / some / none of”一课。

• ✗How much students are there in your class?

  ✓How many students are there in your class?

  学生可以数 → 用 how many。

• ✗I have a little friends in Hanoi.

  ✓I have a few friends in Hanoi.

  friends 是复数 → 用 a few。

• ✗I don't have many money.

  ✓I don't have much money.

  money 是不可数名词 → 用 much。

• ✗She gave me many advices.

  ✓She gave me a lot of advice.

  advice 是不可数名词，不加 -s。

• ✗There are a lot people here.

  ✓There are a lot of people here.

  名词前面需要 of。

• ✗None of students passed.

  ✓None of the students passed. / No students passed.

  none of 后面的名词前要有 the / my…。