數量詞

要說多少，先看後面的名詞：是複數可數名詞（friends, eggs, people）還是不可數名詞（water, time, money）？每一類都有自己的搭配詞。只有 a lot of, lots of, plenty of 兩類都能用。

💡中文的“很多”“一點”既能說人也能說錢，所以學習者常說 much people 或 a little friends。還要注意那些在英語裡不可數、感覺上卻能數的名詞：money, advice, information, homework, furniture, luggage, news——不加 -s，也不用 many / a few。見“可數名詞與不可數名詞”一課。

Many + 複數名詞，much + 不可數名詞。它們最常用在疑問句和否定句裡。

• How many cousins have you got?

  你有幾個表兄弟姐妹？

• We don't have much time, so let's take a taxi.

  我們時間不多了，打車吧。

• How much is this bag?

  這個包多少錢？（問價格：How much…?）

• Are there many tourists in Sa Pa in winter?

  冬天沙壩遊客多嗎？

在肯定句中，母語者通常更喜歡用 a lot of / lots of。“I have much time” 聽起來很彆扭。Many 可以用在肯定句裡（Many people think…），但聽起來有點正式。例外：too much, so much, too many, so many 用在肯定句裡完全正常。

• Lan has a lot of friends at university.

  阿蘭在大學裡有很多朋友。

• I drink lots of water when it's hot.

  天熱的時候我會喝很多水。

• You put too much salt in the soup.

  你湯裡鹽放太多了。

• There were so many people at the night market!

  夜市上人好多啊！

• a lot of + 名詞；後面沒有名詞時，去掉 of：I eat a lot of fruit. / I eat a lot.
• 簡略回答也省略名詞：How many eggs do we need? — Not many. / Just a few.
• Much 單獨放在動詞後面（不帶 very / so / too）時，主要用於否定句和疑問句：I don't sleep much. 肯定句要說：I sleep a lot.

小小的一個 a 就能改變意思。A few / a little = 有一些，少量——夠用，是積極的意思。Few / little（不帶 a）= 很少，幾乎沒有——是消極的意思，常表示“不夠”。

• I bought a few mangoes at the market.

  我在市場買了幾個芒果。

• Can I have a little sugar in my coffee?

  我的咖啡裡能加一點糖嗎？

• The museum is boring, so few people visit it.

  這個博物館很無聊，所以很少有人去。

• We have little money this month, so we're eating at home.

  這個月我們沒什麼錢，所以都在家吃飯。

💡單獨用 Few / little 聽起來有點正式。日常口語中，人們更常說 not many / not much 或 only a few / only a little：Not many people came. / I only have a little time.

Plenty of = 很多，足夠還有富餘。它和複數名詞、不可數名詞都能連用，主要用於肯定句。

• Don't rush. We've got plenty of time.

  別急，我們時間多的是。

• There are plenty of cheap restaurants near the station.

  車站附近有很多便宜的餐館。

None of = 某一群體中一個也沒有。none of 後面接 the / my / these… + 名詞，或者接代詞 us / you / them / it。

• None of my friends can cook.

  我的朋友沒有一個會做飯。

• I tried three shops, but none of them had my size.

  我去了三家店，但沒有一家有我的尺碼。

• None of this food is spicy.

  這些菜一點都不辣。

• How many tickets are left? — None.

  還剩幾張票？——一張也沒有了。（none 單獨使用，後面不接名詞）

• 如果名詞前面沒有 the / my…，就用 no，不用 none of：I have no friends here（不說：none of friends）。見“No / none / any, nothing / nobody”一課。
• None of + 複數名詞：動詞可以用單數，也可以用複數——None of my friends smoke / smokes。口語多用複數，正式書面語多用單數。
• 要說“全部 / 大部分 / 一部分……”，見“All / most / some / none of”一課。

• ✗How much students are there in your class?

  ✓How many students are there in your class?

  學生可以數 → 用 how many。

• ✗I have a little friends in Hanoi.

  ✓I have a few friends in Hanoi.

  friends 是複數 → 用 a few。

• ✗I don't have many money.

  ✓I don't have much money.

  money 是不可數名詞 → 用 much。

• ✗She gave me many advices.

  ✓She gave me a lot of advice.

  advice 是不可數名詞，不加 -s。

• ✗There are a lot people here.

  ✓There are a lot of people here.

  名詞前面需要 of。

• ✗None of students passed.

  ✓None of the students passed. / No students passed.

  none of 後面的名詞前要有 the / my…。