تدريب Shadowing: What are PCBs and PCBAs? The 'PCB basics' - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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Welcome to this video series where we're going to be looking at PCBs.
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This is the first video and we're going to be looking at PCB basics.
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So what's the difference between a PCB and a PCBA?
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Well you can generally refer to a blank unstuffed and unsoldered printed circuit board as a PCB.
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You can see an example of this on the top image here.
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The assembled and soldered assembly is then known as a PCBA or a board assembly or simply a PCA.
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And you can see an example of this on this bottom image.
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So if we look at the two differences,
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the top one clearly has no components on it whereas the bottom has a fully populated set of components.
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So the basic understanding of a PCB.
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A basic PCB consists of a flat sheet of insulating material and a layer of copper foil laminated to the substrate.
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Chemical etching divides the copper into separate conducting lines called tracks or circuit tracers,
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pads for connections, wires to pass connections between layers of copper.
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The tracks function as wires fixed in place and are insulated from each other by air and the bored substrate material.
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The surface of the PCB may have a coating
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that protects the copper from corrosion and reduces the chances of solder shorts between traces
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or undesired electrical contact from stray bare wires.
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This coating is called the solder resist.
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You can see an example of a bare PCB here on the right
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where we can clearly see the tracks and the holes
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or the wires going from one side of the board to the other.
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So what makes up a PCB?
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The basic PCB consists of four layers, which are heat laminated together into a single board.
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The four layers are substrate, copper, solder mask and silk screen.
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The substrate needs to be thermally stable and the most common material used is FR4.
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FR4 is a glass epoxy high pressure thermoset plastic laminate with good strength to weight ratio with near zero water absorption.
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FR simply stands for Flame Retardant.
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And you can see the basic layers here in this image, where we have the substrate, the copper, the solder mask and the silkscreen on top.
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So what are the different layers on top of the FR4?
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First we have the copper layer, which is the electrical conductor where the tracks are etched, which make up the circuit.
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The thickness can vary depending on the power requirements, but in general the thickness is around 35 microns or equivalent to 1.4 thou.
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Second is the solder mask layer and this gives the PCB its green color.
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Its purpose is to insulate the copper tracks from contact with metal, solder or other conductive items.
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And third, the silkscreen layer is a combination of shapes, letters, symbols and instructions.
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It provides identification for each part and you can clearly see
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that in this image where we have part identifications don't forget to check out our other videos in this series
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and you can always contact us
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if you need any help with your projects in China
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so don't forget to a like share and subscribe
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if you hit this little bell symbol
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that will notify you of any new content that we upload
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so thanks for listening my name is Paul Adam from South East and I shall see you in the next video
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 42 جملة و567 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 3:55. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة ثابتة، نحو 145 كلمة في الدقيقة، وهي سرعة مريحة للترديد. 73% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| layer اسم | /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ | طَبَقَة |
| copper اسم | /ˈkɒpə/ | نُحَاس, نحاس |
| wire اسم | /ˈwaɪɚ/ | سِلْك |
| mask اسم | /mæsk/ | قِناع, كِمامة |
| coat اسم | /ˈkoʊ̯t/ | مِعْطَف |
| component اسم | /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ | مُكَوِّن, جُزْء |
| symbol اسم | /ˈsɪmbəl/ | رَمْز, عَلَامَة |
| thickness اسم | /ˈθɪknəs/ | سَمَاكَة |
| stable اسم | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | حَظِيرَة, اِسْطَبْل |
| refer فعل | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | أَشَارَ |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | عِنْدَمَا |
| sheet اسم | /ʃit/ | وَرَقَة, وَرَق |
| ratio اسم | /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/ | نِسْبَة |
| requirement اسم | /ɹɪˈkwaɪɹmənt/ | مَطْلَب, طَلَب |
| resist فعل | /ɹɪˈzɪst/ | قَاوَمَ |
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | are insulated · is called · are etched |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | layers, which are · layer, which is |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 4 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل don't, we're. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, sheet /ʃit/, ratio /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, absorption /æbˈsɔɹp.ʃn̩/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل layer, copper, wire.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.