Pratique du Shadowing: What if We Nuke a City? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Playing around with nuclear weapons in videos is fun.
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There's a visceral joy in blowing things up, and a horrifying fascination with things like fireballs, shockwaves, and radiation.
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And while it does help put our destructive power in perspective, it's not the best way of understanding the real impact of a nuclear explosion.
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This isn't about silly stacks of TNT, or about how bright an explosion is. Nuclear weapons are about you.
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So we've partnered with the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement to explore what would really happen if a nuclear weapon were detonated in a major city today.
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Not nuclear war, just one explosion.
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We begin our story in the middle of downtown in a major city.
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People are going to work, studying for exams, are lost in their thoughts and daily lives.
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Right here a nuclear weapon is detonated and time freezes.
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The first phase of the explosion happens within less than a second.
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In a millisecond, a ball of plasma hotter than the Sun appears and grows in a fireball to more than 2 kilometres across.
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Within this ball, everyone is just gone.
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Think of water dripped on to a very hot pan.
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A sizzle, and then there's nothing.
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Most buildings, cars, trees, tacky sculptures and people...
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... all evaporated.
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First, the flash: an intense tsunami of light washes over the city in an instant.
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If you happen to have your head pointed in the direction of the explosion, it renders you blind for a few hours.
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The heat of this light produces a thermal pulse, so energetic and hot that it just burns everything as far as 13 kilometres from the detonation site.
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What this means is that everything in an area of 500 square kilometres that is able to burn, starts burning.
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Plastic, wood, fabric, hair, and skin.
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If you happen to be in reach of the thermal pulse, one moment, you're on your way to work, the next moment, you're on fire.
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Now the second phase begins.
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It happens in a few seconds.
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Most people will now first notice that something is wrong, but it's already too late for hundreds of thousands.
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The flash is followed by the shockwave.
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The heat and radiation of the fireball create a bubble of superheated and super-compressed air around it that's now expanding explosively.
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Faster than the speed of sound, creating winds stronger than hurricanes and tornadoes.
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Human infrastructure is no match for its power.
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Most major buildings within a kilometre of the fireball are just ground up down to their base.
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Only steel reinforced concrete is able to partially resist the pressure.
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In the surrounding parks where retirees feed the ducks, trees blackened and smoldering from the heat a second before snap like toothpicks.
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If you're outside, you get tossed away like a grain of dust in a tornado.
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The shockwave weakens as it travels outwards but still, about 175 square kilometres of houses collapse like they're made of cards, trapping tens of thousands of people who didn't have any time to react.
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Gas stations explode and fire spread throughout the rubble.
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A mushroom cloud made from the remains of the fireball, dust and ash rises kilometres into the sky in the next few minutes and casts a dark shadow over the ruined city.
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This violently pulls in fresh air surrounding the city, destroying more buildings and providing an abundance of oxygen.
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It depends on the city what happens next.
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If there's enough fuel, fires may turn into a firestorm that burns the rubble, everybody trapped in it and people trying to flee the devastation.
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Up to 21 kilometres from the explosion, people just like you rush to their windows to take pictures of the mushroom cloud, unaware that the shockwave is still coming at them, about to shatter their windows and create a blizzard of sharp glass.
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The third phase begins in the coming hours and days.
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We're used to the idea that help will come, no matter the disaster.
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This time is different: a nuclear explosion is like every natural disaster at once.
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There are hundreds of thousands or millions of people with serious injuries: lacerations, broken bones, serious burns.
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In the next few minutes and hours, thousands more will die because of these injuries.
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Countless people are trapped in collapsed buildings like in earthquakes or blinded by the flash, deaf from the blast wave and unable to flee through streets impassable with rubble and debris.
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They're terrified, confused, and don't know what's happened to them or why.
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Most likely, many hospitals have been leveled along with all the other buildings and most medical professionals are either dead or injured, along with everyone else.
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The survivors lucky enough to have been in metro tunnels or standing in the right place to be unburned and unhurt won't have truly escaped harm yet.
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Depending on the type of weapon, where it explodes and even the weather, an awful black rain can begin, with radioactive ash and dust descending on the city, covering everything and everyone.
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The invisible, malicious, silent horror of radiation takes its turn.
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Every breath carries poison to the lungs of the survivors.
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Over the coming days, the people who receive the highest doses of radiation exposure will die.
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There will be no help, not for hours or maybe even days.
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Civilisation doesn't operate when there is a total breakdown of infrastructure.
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Roads are blocked, train tracks warped, runways cluttered with rubble.
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No water, no electricity, no communication, no stores to replenish supplies from.
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Help from surrounding cities will have a hard time entering the disaster zone and even if they can, the radioactive contamination will make it risky to get too close.
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After a nuclear attack, you're on your own.
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So, bit by bit, people emerge from the rubble on foot, contaminated with radioactive fallout, carrying what little they may have left.
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They are slow, in pain, traumatized, and they all need food, water and medical treatment fast.
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And the damage done by a nuclear weapon doesn't end when the fires burn out and the smoke clears.
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The hospitals in the neighboring cities are under-equipped for a disaster of this scale and overwhelmed with tens or hundreds of thousands of patients with serious injuries.
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In the weeks, months and years to come, many of those who survived will succumb to cancers like leukemia.
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The reason no government wants you to think about all this is because there is no serious humanitarian response possible to a nuclear explosion.
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There's no way to really help the immediate victims of a nuclear attack.
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This is not a hurricane, wildfire or earthquake or nuclear accident.
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It is all of these things at once, but worse.
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No nation on earth is prepared to deal with it.
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The world has changed in the past few years, with world leaders again explicitly and publicly threatening each other with nuclear weapons.
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Many experts think the danger of a nuclear strike is higher than it has been in decades.
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Governments tell their citizens that it's good that we have nuclear weapons, but it's bad when anyone else gets them.
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That it's somehow necessary to threaten others with mass destruction to keep us safe.
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But does this make you feel safe?
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It only takes a small group of people with power to go crazy or rogue, a small misstep or a simple misunderstanding to unleash a catastrophe of unimaginable proportions.
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Exploding stuff in videos is fun.
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Exploding things in real life, not so much.
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There is a solution though!
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Eliminating all nuclear weapons and vowing never to build them again.
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In 2017, almost 2/3 of all the world's countries, supported by hundreds of civil society organizations and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent movement agreed to prohibit and eliminate nuclear weapons.
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It's not about who has nuclear weapons and who doesn't. The weapons themselves are the problem.
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They are deeply immoral and an existential threat to all of us.
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No matter what country you come from, no matter what political side you find yourself on, we need to demand that they disappear forever.
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This will not happen without pressure.
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If you want to be part of this pressure, there are things you personally can do too: Visit notonukes.org to learn more about nuclear weapons and what you can do about them.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « What if We Nuke a City? ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : nuclear, weapon, explosion, kilometre, happen. Cette vidéo contient 86 phrases et 1401 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 8:56. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 157 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 78 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| kilometre nom | /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/ | kilomètre |
| fireball nom | /ˈfaɪəɹˌbɔl/ | boule de feu |
| rubble nom | /ˈɹʌb.əl/ | décombres, débris |
| explode verbe | /ɪkˈsploʊd/ | détoner, exploser |
| radioactive adjectif | /ˌɹeɪdioʊˈæktɪv/ | radioactif |
| surround verbe | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | entourer, cerner |
| detonate verbe | /ˈdɛtəneɪt/ | détoner |
| flee verbe | /ˈfliː/ | s'enfuir, prendre la fuite |
| tornado nom | /tɔɹˈneɪ.doʊ/ | tornade |
| threaten verbe | /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/ | menacer |
| survivor nom | /sɚˈvaɪvɚ/ | survivant, survivante |
| thermal adjectif | /ˈθɜːməl/ | thermique |
| pulse nom | /pʌls/ | pouls |
| blacken verbe | /ˈblækən/ | noircir |
| clutter nom | /ˈklʌtɚ/ | bric-à-brac, bordel |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | were detonated · are lost · is detonated |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | we've partnered · have been leveled · has changed |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | people who didn · people who receive · those who survived |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 15 contractions et formes réduites, comme you're, doesn't, they're. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, thermal /ˈθɜːməl/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: mushroom /ˈmʌʃˌɹuːm/, civilisation /ˌsɪv.ɪ.lɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, detonation /dɛtəˈneɪʃən/, devastation /ˌdɛ.vəˈsteɪ.ʃən/, existential /ˌɛɡzɪˈstɛnʃl̩/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/, radioactive /ˌɹeɪdioʊˈæktɪv/, civilisation /ˌsɪv.ɪ.lɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, contaminate /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/, detonation /dɛtəˈneɪʃən/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: horrify /ˈhɒɹɪfaɪ/, prohibit /pɹəˈhɪbɪt/, humanitarian /hjuˌmæ.nəˈtɛ.ɹi.ən/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: unimaginable /ˌʌnɪˈmædʒɪnəbəl/, energetic /ˌɛn.əɹˈdʒɛt.ɪk/, emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/, sculpture /ˈskʌlpt͡ʃɚ/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/, fireball /ˈfaɪəɹˌbɔl/, rubble /ˈɹʌb.əl/, radioactive /ˌɹeɪdioʊˈæktɪv/, surround /səˈɹaʊnd/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme kilometre, fireball, rubble.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.