シャドーイング練習: Third Speaker - Debating Role - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Hello and welcome to Deliberate Debating.
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Today we're going to be having a look at the third speaker for both the affirmative and the negative team.
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We're going to be having a look at the order in
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which they say things and some examples of what to say if you are the third speaker.
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General information.
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You're going to be the last speaker for your team.
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Your aim is really to overview the main themes and ideas of the debate so far, really focusing in on your team,
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how your team's arguments and debate have been superior.
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You will be using the team split to summarise what's been said thus far.
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That will take up about one to two minutes of your speech.
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Know the team line.
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Use the team line as often as you can in your speech by rephrasing it
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and slipping it in either as linking sentences or sometimes even as topic sentences.
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As the third speaker you will be thinking on your toes a lot.
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Most of your speech you will not know until the night.
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This means that you need to come prepared with lots of blank cue cards,
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fill them in on the night and really be confident in how you speak and what you say.
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Outline of the speech.
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So as the third speaker there are three things that you will be doing.
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The first thing is doing a rebuttal.
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Now this rebuttal includes the outline of the key issues during the whole debate
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and it also means a general rebuttal and rebutting the rebuttals if it's required.
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We'll get into that in a moment.
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The second thing you will do is summarize the key arguments.
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This should be 20 % or one to two minutes of your speech.
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It's really important in your speech that you end on a strong statement,
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something powerful that will leave the audience thinking that there is no way the other team are correct.
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Okay, step one is a rebuttal.
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The first thing that you will be doing is to outline the key points, arguments and issues within the debate.
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This means going over what the opposition team have said and rebutting what it is that they've argued.
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This does include the opposing teams rebutting something that your team has said.
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So the rebuttals can go back and forth between the teams
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and this is your last chance to prove why your team is correct in that particular issue.
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Attack the arguments made by the opposition.
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Use evidence, logic and reason to prove the opposition that they are wrong.
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Remain professional in your rebuttals.
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Remember that this isn't personal, it is a debate.
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Where possible, plan for the rebuttals.
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Put yourself in the opposition's shoes and really stop and think about what they might be arguing, what evidence they might find,
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and find some counter -arguments and counter -evidence to help you before the debate.
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Go to the debate with lots of blank cue cards
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because you do have the opportunity while speakers are talking to write out the rebuttals that you will say.
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So here's an example of a rebuttal.
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It's by no means complete, but it's a nice start.
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The affirmative team have continuously and erroneously stated that screen time is harmful to children.
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As we have substantiated repeatedly, screen time is a powerful tool which can be harnessed to improve child development,
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as seen through the use of learning apps, and it can be used to teach communication amongst other vital life skills.
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We cannot remove these modern and significant devices from children's hands due to a few neglectful parents.
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Society has embraced technology and so should children.
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The advantages that our children can gain from technology can benefit the child,
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the parents, and in the long run, society and our world.
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Step number two, summarise the key arguments.
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Here, your task is to summarise and emphasise the team split and line.
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These have already been stated by the first and second speaker,
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and what you're really doing is giving a nice overview and summary of what they've said.
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You should outline your team's case and spend around two to three minutes summarising what they've said.
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So, here's an example.
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You can have no doubt left that technology is helpful and has added to the development of our relationships, our culture and our society.
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As the first speaker stated, social media has assisted in enhancing and improving relationships.
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Research and data is supporting this argument, finding that social media users place more trust in their friends.
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Who can distrust technology for encouraging more love and more care in our world?
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Technology assists in creating friends, making friends, providing opportunities for those who are disabled,
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or even those who suffer from anxiety to reach out and communicate.
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Our first speaker also presented the argument that
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The third and final thing that you will do as the third speaker is to end on a strong statement.
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This is going to be the final comment for your team
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so we want it to really hit the audience in the adjudicator hard.
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Begin with the team line.
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and then move to a logical and emotive statement to really resonate with the audience and adjudicator.
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Let's have a look at an example.
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Technology has helped our society and should not be accused of hurting our lives and our relationships.
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In fact, technology has added to our understanding of the world, each other, and enhanced our relationships with beloved friends and family.
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I ask you, where would we be today without technology?
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Why would we move backwards in development, knowledge and social life?
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Technology is the single most greatest development that the world has ever seen.
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And it can only get better from here.
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Better for you, better for your family, better for your friends and everyone else that you hold dear.
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Thank you for listening.
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The third and final thing that you will do as the third speaker is to end on a strong statement.
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This is going to be the final comment for your team, so we want it to really hit the audience and the adjudicator hard.
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Begin with the team line and then move to a logical and emotive statement to really resonate with the audience and adjudicator.
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Let's have a look at an example.
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Technology has helped our society and should not be accused of hurting our lives and our relationships.
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In fact, technology has added to our understanding of the world, each other, and enhanced our relationships with beloved friends and family.
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I ask you, where would we be today without technology?
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Why would we move backwards in development, knowledge, and social life?
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Technology is the single most greatest development that the world has ever seen.
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And it can only get better from here better for you, better for your family, better for your friends and everyone else that you hold dear.
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Thank you for listening.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Third Speaker - Debating Role」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：technology, speaker, rebuttal, argument, debate。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が89文、単語が1160語あります。 音声の長さは6:53です。 話す速さは1分あたり約168語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 単語の89%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれるため、語彙は分かりやすいです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| outline 名詞 | /ˈaʊtlaɪn/ | 中抜き |
| argue 動詞 | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | 議論する, 論ずる |
| assist 動詞 | /əˈsɪst/ | 手伝う |
| beloved 形容詞 | /bɪˈlʌvd/ | 最愛, 愛しい |
| overview 名詞 | /ˈoʊ.vɚˌvjuː/ | 概要 |
| accuse 動詞 | /əˈkjuz/ | 問う, 着せる |
| topic 名詞 | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | 話題, テーマ |
| superior 形容詞 | /sʊˈpɪɹ.i.ɚ/ | 偉い, 貴い |
| anxiety 名詞 | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | 心配, 不安 |
| encourage 動詞 | /ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/ | 勇気付ける, 奨励する |
| suffer 動詞 | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | 被る |
| helpful 形容詞 | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | 役に立つ, 有用 |
| skill 名詞 | /skɪl/ | 腕, 技 |
| summary 名詞 | /ˈsʌm.ə.ɹi/ | 要約, 概要 |
| slip 動詞 | /ˈslɪp/ | 滑る |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| go back 動詞 | 戻る, 帰る |
| see through 動詞 | 見通す, 透視する |
繰り返し練習したい文
動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。
- We'll get into that in a moment.
- Let's have a look at an example.
- I ask you, where would we be today without technology?
- Why would we move backwards in development, knowledge and social life?
- Why would we move backwards in development, knowledge, and social life?
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have been · what's been said · have said |
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | been said · can be harnessed · been stated |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | tool which can · those who are · those who suffer |
注意したい発音
話し手はthey've, we're, you'reなど、短縮形や弱形を9回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: shoe /ˈʃu/, substantiate /səbˈstænʃieɪt/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: affirmative /əˈfɝməɾɪv/, superior /sʊˈpɪɹ.i.ɚ/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, repeatedly /ɹɪˈpiːtɪdli/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: repeatedly /ɹɪˈpiːtɪdli/, harmful /ˈhɑɹmfl̩/, rebuttal /ɹiˈbʌt.əl/, erroneously /ɪˈɹəʊnɪəsli/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: beloved /bɪˈlʌvd/, overview /ˈoʊ.vɚˌvjuː/, affirmative /əˈfɝməɾɪv/, vital /ˈvaɪtəl/, emotive /ɪˈməʊtɪv/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: affirmative /əˈfɝməɾɪv/, suffer /ˈsʌfɚ/, helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, harmful /ˈhɑɹmfl̩/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。outline, argue, assistなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。