第 80 课 · 第 7 阶段: 名词、冠词与限定词
什么时候用 the(什么时候不用)
中级When to use the (and when not to)
构成与用法
children vs the children, school vs the school, the old, play the guitar——泛指 vs 特指
1.泛指还是特指?
泛指某一类人或事物(整个类别)时,用复数名词或不可数名词,不加 the。听的人确切知道是哪些时,才用 the。
| 泛指——不用 the | 特指——用 the |
|---|---|
| Children need a lot of sleep. | The children are asleep upstairs. |
| I can't work without music. | I don't like the music in this café. |
| Sugar is bad for your teeth. | Could you pass the sugar, please? |
| Dogs are friendly animals. | The dogs next door bark all night. |
| Rice is cheap here. | The rice we bought yesterday is very good. |
名词后面有修饰语,并不一定就要加 the。如果它说的仍然是泛指的某一类事物,就不加 the;如果指的是特定的一群,才用 the。
I like working with people who are honest.
我喜欢和诚实的人一起工作。(仍是泛指——指一类人)
I really like the people I work with.
我真的很喜欢和我一起工作的那些人。(特定的一群人)
Do you like strong black coffee?
你喜欢浓的黑咖啡吗?(仍是泛指)
The coffee we had this morning was too sweet.
我们今天早上喝的咖啡太甜了。(特指的咖啡)
- most + 名词表示泛泛而谈:Most people like holidays.(不说:The most people)
- all + 名词 = 泛指的全部;all the + 名词 = 某个特定群体的全部:All plants need water. / All the plants in my garden died.
问问自己:“听的人知道是哪些吗?”如果你的意思是“这一类的所有事物”,就不用冠词:I'm afraid of dogs(泛指狗),不说 the dogs。中文名词前没有冠词,所以要特别注意这一点。
2.独一无二的事物和固定用法
某样东西只有一个(在世界上或在当前情境中)时用 the;最高级、序数词和 the same 前面也用 the。
- 独一无二:the sun, the moon, the sky, the sea, the world, the internet, the environment
- 最高级:the best, the tallest, the most expensive
- 序数词和 next / last:the first time, the fifth floor, the next train, the last day
- the same(不说:same):We have the same phone.
- 某物的一部分:the end of the month, the top of the page, the beginning of the film
The sky was clear and the sea was calm.
天空晴朗,大海风平浪静。
This is the best pho I've ever had.
这是我吃过的最好吃的河粉。
Our office is on the fifth floor.
我们的办公室在五楼。
Lan and I were born on the same day.
我和阿兰是同一天出生的。
但 space(太空)和作为行星名称的 Earth 通常不加 the。编号前面也不加 the:room 12, page 30, gate 5, platform 2, size 39。
Would you like to travel into space?
你想去太空旅行吗?(不说:the space)
Our flight leaves from gate 5.
我们的航班从 5 号登机口出发。(不说:the gate 5)
3.school 还是 the school?
school, university / college, hospital, prison, church 这些词:指这个地方的主要用途(上学、治病、服刑、做礼拜)时,不加 the;指建筑物本身时,比如作为访客去那里,就用 the。
| 不用 the——主要用途 | 用 the——建筑物 | |
|---|---|---|
| school | Hoa goes to school by bike. | Her mum went to the school to meet the teacher. |
| university | Minh wants to go to university. | The university is next to a park. |
| hospital | Grandpa is in hospital. | We went to the hospital to visit him. |
| prison | The thief was sent to prison. | A journalist visited the prison. |
| church | They go to church on Sundays. | The church was built in 1890. |
美式英语稍有不同:即使是病人,美国人通常也说 in the hospital / to the hospital;而且常用 college 泛指上大学:She's in college.
另外一些常用说法也不加 the:
- go to bed / be in bed(睡觉或休息)——但坐在床上是 sit on the bed(指一件具体的家具)
- go to work / be at work / start work / finish work
- go home / come home / get home / be at home——home 前面不加 to
I'm tired. I'm going to bed.
我累了,我要去睡觉了。
Don't put your bag on the bed.
别把你的包放在床上。(指一张具体的床)
Dad is still at work.
爸爸还在上班。
What time did you get home?
你几点到家的?(不说:get to home)
4.三餐、乐器、运动、电视
| 常用说法 | 注意 | |
|---|---|---|
| 三餐 | have breakfast / lunch / dinner | 前面有形容词时加 a:a quick lunch, a big dinner |
| 乐器 | play the guitar / the piano / the drums | 美式英语中 play guitar、play piano 也很常见 |
| 运动 | play football / tennis / badminton | 不加 the |
| 电视和广播 | watch TV / listen to the radio | 但 turn off the TV(指电视机) |
| 外出娱乐 | go to the cinema / the theatre | 加 the,即使并不是指某一家具体的 |
What did you have for breakfast?
你早饭吃了什么?
We had a very nice dinner at Lan's house.
我们在阿兰家吃了一顿很棒的晚餐。(有形容词 → 加 a)
My son is learning to play the piano.
我儿子在学弹钢琴。
Do you want to go to the cinema tonight?
你今晚想去看电影吗?
5.the old, the French, the tiger
The + 形容词(后面不跟名词)表示一类人:the rich, the poor, the young, the elderly, the homeless, the unemployed, the sick, the injured。意思是复数,所以动词用复数,形容词永远不加 -s。
The elderly often need help with new technology.
老年人在使用新科技时常常需要帮助。(用 need,不说:needs)
Should the rich pay more tax?
富人应该多交税吗?
指一个人时要加名词:a rich man, an elderly woman, a homeless person(不说:a rich)。
以 -ch, -sh, -ese, -ss 结尾的国籍词,指整个民族时加 the:the French, the British, the Dutch, the Spanish, the Chinese, the Japanese, the Vietnamese, the Swiss。其他国籍词加 -s,通常不加 the:Americans, Italians, Koreans, Thais。所有国籍都可以说 … people:Vietnamese people, French people。
The + 单数名词还可以表示某一种动物或某一项发明的整体——这是稍正式的说法,在书籍和文章中很常见。
The Dutch are famous for their bicycles.
荷兰人以自行车闻名。
The tiger is in danger of dying out.
老虎面临灭绝的危险。
Who invented the telephone?
电话是谁发明的?
指一个人时,最自然的说法是 a Chinese man / a Swiss woman / a Vietnamese person。“A Chinese” 语法上没错,但听起来可能有点生硬;复数说 Chinese people 最稳妥。
6.常见错误
The money can't buy happiness.Money can't buy happiness.
泛指 → 不用 the。
I usually go to the bed at eleven.I usually go to bed at eleven.
go to bed 不加 the。
The most people here speak English.Most people here speak English.
most + 名词,不加 the。
Our train leaves from the platform 2.Our train leaves from platform 2.
编号前面不加 the。
The rich is getting richer.The rich are getting richer.
the + 形容词表示复数。
We had very nice lunch.We had a very nice lunch.
三餐前有形容词 → 加 a。
例句
- My daughter is learning to play the violin.
- I read the news on the internet every morning.
- Doctors say children need about nine hours of sleep a night.
- The government should build more cheap homes for the poor.
