分词短语

分词短语是一种缩短的分句：主语消失了（通常连词和助动词也一起省略），动词变成分词。关键规则：省略掉的主语必须和主句的主语相同。

💡放在句首的分词短语后面要加逗号，两部分之间不用 and / so / but：Picking up my bag, I ran…（不说：Picking up my bag, and I ran…）。

1. 两件事同时发生——-ing 短语可以放在句首或句末

• She sat by the window reading a novel.

  她坐在窗边看小说。

• Walking home, I bumped into an old classmate.

  走路回家时，我碰到了一个老同学。

2. 一件事发生在另一个动作进行期间

• He cut his finger chopping onions.

  他切洋葱时切到了手指。（= while he was chopping）

• Don't text while driving.

  开车时不要发短信。

3. 一个动作完成后，接着发生下一个——Having + V3（或 After + -ing）

• Having locked the door, he realised his keys were still inside.

  锁上门以后，他才发现钥匙还在里面。

• After finishing dinner, we went for a walk by the lake.

  吃完晚饭后，我们去湖边散步。

4. 表示原因——代替 because / as / since

• Feeling sick, Nam stayed home from school.

  阿南觉得不舒服，就没去上学。

• Not having a car, we rely on buses to get around.

  我们没有车，所以出行靠公交车。

• Having grown up by the sea, Huy is a great swimmer.

  阿辉在海边长大，所以游泳游得很好。

5. 被动意义——V3 或 Having been + V3

• Written in simple English, the book is perfect for learners.

  这本书用浅显的英语写成，非常适合学习者。

• Shocked by the news, she couldn't say a word.

  她被这个消息惊呆了，一句话也说不出来。

• Having been rejected twice, he almost gave up.

  被拒绝了两次之后，他差点放弃了。

放在句首的分词短语主要用于书面语和讲故事。在对话中，人们通常用完整的分句：When I got home…、Because I felt sick…。放在主句后面的 -ing 短语（sat there reading、cut his finger chopping onions）在口语中也很自然。

为了让意思更清楚，可以在分词前保留连词：

• After / Before / Since / While / When + -ing：after finishing、before leaving、since moving here、while waiting、when using。After、before 和 since 也是介词，所以后面接 -ing（见“介词 + -ing”一课）。
• after 后面可以用 having + V3（after having finished），但通常没必要，因为 after 已经表明了先后顺序。
• If / Unless / Once / When / Although / Until + V3 表示被动意义——在标签和说明书中非常常见。
• 不要在连词后面直接接主动意义的 V2 / V3：after finished ✗，when arrived ✗ → after finishing，when we arrived / arriving。

• Turn off the lights before leaving the room.

  离开房间前请关灯。

• Since moving to Da Nang, she has taken up surfing.

  自从搬到岘港，她就开始玩冲浪了。

• Once opened, keep the jar in the fridge.

  开封后请将罐子放在冰箱里保存。（= once it has been opened）

• Although injured, he finished the race.

  尽管受了伤，他还是跑完了比赛。

分词也可以放在名词后面，代替 who / which + 动词（见“定语从句”一课）：-ing 表示主动，V3 表示被动。

• The woman sitting next to me kept talking on the phone.

  坐在我旁边的那个女人一直在打电话。（= who was sitting）

• Most of the phones sold here are second-hand.

  这里卖的手机大多是二手的。（= which are sold）

• Anyone wanting a refund should keep the receipt.

  想要退款的人都应保留收据。

• The old bridge, built in 1902, is still in use.

  那座建于 1902 年的老桥至今仍在使用。

这里的 -ing 形式不只用于正在进行的动作：a road connecting two villages（= which connects）。但对于过去一次性完成的动作，要保留定语从句：the man who stole my bag——“the man stealing my bag” 的意思是他当时正在拿我的包。

读者总是把分词的主语理解为主句的主语。如果两者不同，句子表达的就不是你想说的意思——有时还很可笑。这叫作垂悬分词（dangling participle）。

例外：有些固定短语的作用像副词，不需要主语一致：generally speaking、strictly speaking、judging by / from、considering、given、assuming。例如：Judging by the clouds, it's going to rain.

💡写完一个分词短语后，问问自己：短语里的动作是谁做的？那个人必须是逗号后面紧接着的主语。

• ✗After finished lunch, we went back to work.

  ✓After finishing lunch, we went back to work. / Having finished lunch, …

  After 后面接 -ing；或者去掉 after，用 having + V3。

• ✗Having took the wrong bus, we arrived late at the wedding.

  ✓Having taken the wrong bus, we arrived late at the wedding.

  Having + V3（taken），不用一般过去时。

• ✗Having bitten by a dog as a child, Hung is afraid of dogs.

  ✓Having been bitten by a dog as a child, Hung is afraid of dogs.

  阿雄是被咬的 → 被动需要 been。

• ✗Opened the fridge, I found nothing to eat.

  ✓Opening the fridge, I found nothing to eat.

  冰箱是我打开的 → 主动用 -ing；V3 表示被动。

• ✗Picking up my bag, and I ran to the bus stop.

  ✓Picking up my bag, I ran to the bus stop.

  分词短语和主句之间不用 and。

• ✗When arrived at the station, we called a taxi.

  ✓When we arrived at the station, we called a taxi. / Arriving at the station, …

  when 后面用完整的分句或 -ing。